Table 1.
Patient Characteristics
| Characteristics | No. of patients | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | White | Black | Hispanic | |
| (N=1 142 560) | (N=888 896) | (N=162 752) | (N=90 912) | |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||
| White | 888 896 (77.8) | |||
| Black | 162 752 (14.2) | |||
| Hispanic | 90 912 (7.96) | |||
| Hospital COVID‐19 burden | ||||
| Before COVID‐19 | 936 007 (81.9) | 729 679 (82.1) | 132 494 (81.4) | 73 834 (81.2) |
| 0.0%–2.0% | 70 069 (6.13) | 56 835 (6.39) | 7869 (4.83) | 5365 (5.9) |
| 2.1%–10.0% | 94 851 (8.3) | 72 111 (8.11) | 15 090 (9.27) | 7650 (8.41) |
| 10.1%–20.0% | 28 941 (2.53) | 21 236 (2.39) | 5056 (3.11) | 2649 (2.91) |
| 20.1%–30.0% | 8321 (0.73) | 6153 (0.69) | 1444 (0.89) | 8321 (0.73) |
| >30.0% | 4371 (0.38) | 2882 (0.32) | 799 (0.49) | 690 (0.76) |
| Age, y (SD) | 79 (8.7) | 79.6 (8.6) | 76.1 (8.4) | 77.7 (8.5) |
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 518 567 (45.4) | 405 859 (45.7) | 68 991 (42.4) | 43 717 (48.1) |
| Women | 623 993 (54.6) | 483 037 (54.3) | 93 761 (57.6) | 47 195 (51.9) |
| Urgency | ||||
| Emergent | 984 753 (86.2) | 759 217 (85.4) | 146 977 (90.3) | 78 559 (86.4) |
| Urgent | 157 807 (13.8) | 129 679 (14.6) | 15 775 (9.7) | 12 353 (13.6) |
| Admission source | ||||
| Community | 982 720 (86) | 754 077 (84.8) | 146 300 (89.9) | 82 343 (90.6) |
| Hospital | 118 961 (10.4) | 101 374 (11.4) | 11 398 (7) | 6189 (6.8) |
| SNF/nursing home | 26 369 (2.3) | 21 878 (2.5) | 3332 (2.1) | 1159 (1.3) |
| Other | 14 510 (1.3) | 11 567 (1.3) | 1722 (1.1) | 1221 (1.3) |
| Dual eligible | 255 090 (22.3) | 143 179 (16.1) | 69 033 (42.4) | 42 878 (47.2) |
| Medicare advantage | 418 398 (36.6) | 294 214 (33.1) | 74 275 (45.6) | 49 909 (54.9) |
| Body mass index | ||||
| Underweight | 25 252 (2.2) | 19 162 (2.2) | 4552 (2.8) | 1538 (1.7) |
| Morbid obesity | 32 762 (2.9) | 24 380 (2.7) | 6469 (4) | 1913 (2.1) |
| NIH Stroke Scale Score | ||||
| 0–9 | 400 850 (35.1) | 321 425 (36.2) | 53 296 (32.8) | 26 129 (28.7) |
| 10–19 | 88 084 (7.7) | 67 739 (7.6) | 13 571 (8.3) | 6774 (7.5) |
| 20–29 | 43 101 (3.8) | 33 157 (3.7) | 6479 (4) | 3465 (3.8) |
| ≥30 | 6711 (0.6) | 5111 (0.6) | 1049 (0.6) | 551 (0.6) |
| Missing | 603 814 (52.9) | 461 464 (51.9) | 88 357 (54.3) | 53 993 (59.4) |
| Time elapsed from prior stroke | ||||
| No prior stroke | 1 053 056 (92.2) | 823 199 (92.6) | 146 458 (90) | 83 399 (91.7) |
| ≤30 d | 35 997 (3.2) | 27 302 (3.1) | 5617 (3.5) | 3078 (3.4) |
| 31–60 d | 11 259 (1) | 8137 (0.9) | 2185 (1.3) | 937 (1) |
| 61–90 d | 7516 (0.7) | 5375 (0.6) | 1515 (0.9) | 626 (0.7) |
| 91–180 d | 15 151 (1.3) | 10 858 (1.2) | 3025 (1.9) | 1268 (1.4) |
| 181–360 d | 19 581 (1.7) | 14 025 (1.6) | 3952 (2.4) | 1604 (1.8) |
| Stroke location | ||||
| Precerebral, unspecified | 6121 (0.5) | 4939 (0.6) | 800 (0.5) | 382 (0.4) |
| Cerebral, unspecified | 64 758 (5.7) | 52 478 (5.9) | 8047 (4.9) | 4233 (4.7) |
| Carotid | 52 739 (4.6) | 43 529 (4.9) | 5405 (3.3) | 3805 (4.2) |
| Anterior cerebral | 14 836 (1.3) | 10 902 (1.2) | 2652 (1.6) | 1282 (1.4) |
| Middle cerebral | 274 997 (24.1) | 216 599 (24.4) | 37 380 (23) | 21 018 (23.1) |
| Posterior | 53 735 (4.7) | 42 927 (4.8) | 6354 (3.9) | 4454 (4.9) |
| Vertebral | 13 077 (1.1) | 10 290 (1.2) | 1832 (1.1) | 955 (1.1) |
| Cerebellar | 27 152 (2.4) | 21 206 (2.4) | 3764 (2.3) | 2182 (2.4) |
| Basilar | 12 291 (1.1) | 9134 (1) | 2104 (1.3) | 1053 (1.2) |
| Other | 622 854 (54.5) | 476 892 (53.7) | 94 414 (58) | 51 548 (56.7) |
| Prior procedures | ||||
| PCI | 95 508 (8.4) | 79 272 (8.9) | 10 317 (6.3) | 5919 (6.5) |
| CABG | 6282 (6.9) | 76 581 (8.6) | 7540 (4.6) | 6282 (6.9) |
| Heart valve surgery | 28 146 (2.5) | 24 796 (2.8) | 1805 (1.1) | 1545 (1.7) |
| Functional status | ||||
| Wheelchair | 11 547 (1) | 8475 (1) | 2157 (1.3) | 915 (1) |
| Supplemental oxygen | 16 874 (1.5) | 14 479 (1.6) | 1640 (1) | 755 (0.8) |
| Dependent on provider | 12 230 (1.1) | 7318 (0.8) | 2856 (1.8) | 2056 (2.3) |
| COVID‐19 | 2521 (0.2) | 1611 (0.2) | 549 (0.3) | 361 (0.4) |
| Dialysis | 14 579 (1.3) | 7018 (0.8) | 5261 (3.2) | 2300 (2.5) |
| Elixhauser comorbidities | ||||
| Congestive heart failure | 241 452 (21.1) | 182 931 (20.6) | 40 848 (25.1) | 17 673 (19.4) |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 429 517 (37.6) | 354 561 (39.9) | 46 367 (28.5) | 28 589 (31.5) |
| Valvular heart disease | 118 171 (10.3) | 97 415 (11) | 13 089 (8) | 7667 (8.4) |
| Pulmonary circulation | 52 086 (4.6) | 40 283 (4.5) | 8600 (5.3) | 3203 (3.5) |
| Peripheral vascular disorder | 105 112 (9.2) | 84 245 (9.5) | 13 103 (8.1) | 7764 (8.5) |
| Hypertension, uncomplicated | 634 268 (55.5) | 498 792 (56.1) | 83 272 (51.2) | 52 204 (57.4) |
| Hypertension, complicated | 384 819 (33.7) | 284 494 (32) | 70 019 (43) | 30 306 (33.3) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 197 024 (17.2) | 160 785 (18.1) | 25 127 (15.4) | 11 112 (12.2) |
| Diabetes, uncomplicated | 185 960 (16.3) | 132 455 (14.9) | 32 550 (20) | 20 955 (23.1) |
| Diabetes, complicated | 257 976 (22.6) | 176 325 (19.8) | 52 946 (32.5) | 28 705 (31.6) |
| Hypothyroidism | 216 292 (18.9) | 186 609 (21) | 15 003 (9.2) | 14 680 (16.2) |
| Renal failure | 253 444 (22.2) | 185 114 (20.8) | 49 127 (30.2) | 19 203 (21.1) |
| Liver disease | 17 252 (1.5) | 12 150 (1.4) | 3208 (2) | 1894 (2.1) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 6480 (0.6) | 4958 (0.6) | 969 (0.6) | 553 (0.6) |
| AIDS/HIV | 842 (0.1) | 317 (0.04) | 418 (0.3) | 107 (0.1) |
| Lymphoma | 7630 (0.7) | 6062 (0.7) | 1101 (0.7) | 467 (0.5) |
| Metastatic cancer | 21 959 (1.9) | 17 662 (2) | 2980 (1.8) | 1317 (1.5) |
| Solid tumor | 43 019 (3.8) | 34 169 (3.8) | 6081 (3.7) | 2769 (3.1) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 36 760 (3.2) | 30 132 (3.4) | 4440 (2.7) | 2188 (2.4) |
| Coagulopathy | 52 979 (4.6) | 41 452 (4.7) | 7520 (4.6) | 4007 (4.4) |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorder | 237 960 (20.8) | 179 391 (20.2) | 40 004 (24.6) | 18 565 (20.4) |
| Anemia, blood loss | 4165 (0.4) | 3242 (0.4) | 654 (0.4) | 269 (0.3) |
| Anemia, deficiency | 34 705 (3) | 25 488 (2.9) | 6728 (4.1) | 2489 (2.7) |
| Alcohol abuse | 31 901 (2.8) | 23 960 (2.7) | 5528 (3.4) | 2413 (2.7) |
| Drug abuse | 14 731 (1.3) | 9112 (1) | 4610 (2.8) | 1009 (1.1) |
| Psychoses | 7495 (0.7) | 4721 (0.5) | 2092 (1.3) | 682 (0.8) |
| Depression | 135 776 (11.9) | 115 388 (13) | 12 061 (7.4) | 8327 (9.2) |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Death within 30 d | 147 485 (12.9) | 121 003 (13.6) | 15 758 (9.7) | 10 724 (11.8) |
| Motor deficit | 553 785 (48.5) | 426 510 (48) | 83 132 (51.1) | 44 143 (48.6) |
| Nonhome discharge | 616 917 (54) | 482 613 (54.3) | 91 858 (56.4) | 42 446 (46.7) |
| Endovascular thrombectomy | 33 989 (3) | 27 487 (3.1) | 3966 (2.4) | 2536 (2.8) |
| Thrombolytic therapy | 113 397 (9.9) | 89 228 (10) | 14 750 (9.1) | 9419 (10.4) |
Values are number (percent) unless indicated otherwise. CABG indicates coronary artery bypass grafting; NIH, National Institutes of Health; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; and SNF, skilled nursing facility.