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. 2023 Nov 20;12(22):e031220. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.123.031220

Figure 3. Differences in atrial histology between left atrial (LA) and right atrial (RA) samples.

Figure 3

The association of tissue sampling location (LA/RA) and histological parameters was tested in multivariate models including the covariates: rhythm, heart failure, age, and sex. For visualization, dependent variables were scaled. Dependent variables were standardized to mean 0 and SD of 1. The standardized effect size (β standardized) was plotted, representing the number of standard deviations change in the dependent variable in the left atrium compared with right atrium. To reduce type I error inflation, permuted P values were calculated. *Permuted P value <0.05, **Permuted P value <0.01. LA/RA differences were confirmed, with more endomysial fibrosis (β unstandardized=+1.51±0.25 μm, P adj<0.001), a larger total extracellular matrix (ECM) content (β unstandardized=+6.15±1.14%, P adj0.001), lower capillary density (β unstandardized=−0.06±0.03 capillaries/myocyte, P adj=0.039), larger capillary size (β unstandardized=+0.26±0.12 μm, P adj=0.032), but smaller cardiomyocytes (β unstandardized=−0.92±0.31 μm, P adj=0.005) in the right atrium.