. 2023 Nov 28;12(23):e031676. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.123.031676

Table 3.

Summary of Hormone Replacement Therapy Study Characteristics and Cardiovascular Calcification Outcome (3 Studies)

Author and year	Mean study duration, mo	Target population	Study sample size	Intervention	Comparator	Primary or secondary end point	Imaging modality	Site	Reported outcomes	Interpretation
Basaria 2015 ²⁸	36	≥60 y with low to low‐normal testosterone levels	308	7.5 g of 1% testosterone gel	Placebo	Primary	CT	Common carotid artery	$∆$ CAC rate of change, Agatston units/year; mean difference (95% CI); −10.8 (−45.7 to 24.2) (P=0.54)	No significant attenuation
Basaria 2015 ²⁸	36	Serum creatinine >2.5 mg/dL excluded	308	7.5 g of 1% testosterone gel	Placebo	Primary	CT	Common carotid artery		No significant attenuation
Budoff 2017 ²⁹	12	Men aged ≥65 y with symptomatic low testosterone levels (<275 ng/dL)	170	1% testosterone gel	Placebo	Secondary	CT	Coronary artery	$∆$ CAC rate of change Agatston units/year; mean difference (95% CI); −27 (−80 to 26) (P=0.31)	No significant attenuation
Budoff 2017 ²⁹	12	eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m² excluded	170	1% testosterone gel	Placebo	Secondary	CT	Coronary artery		No significant attenuation
Harman 2014 ³⁰	48	Postmenopausal women aged 42–58 y	727	0.45 mg oral conjugated equine estrogen daily or 50 μg transdermal 17ß‐estradiol daily, each with 200 mg cyclical progesterone	Placebo	Secondary	CT	Coronary artery	$∆$ CAC (hormone group minus placebo), % (95% CI);−3.6 (−11.4 to 4.1) for oral estrogen,(P=0.36); −2.1 (−10 to 5.7) for transdermal estrogen, (P=0.59)	No significant attenuation

CAC indicates coronary artery calcification; CT, computed tomography; and eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.