Table 7.
Summary of Omega‐3 Fatty Acids (n=2), Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (n=2), and Other Singleton Therapy (n=3) Study Characteristics and Cardiovascular Calcification Outcome (n=3 Studies)
| Author and year | Mean study duration, mo | Target population | Study sample size | Intervention | Comparator | Primary or secondary end point | Imaging modality | Site | Reported outcomes | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alfaddagh 2017 56 | 30 | Stable coronary artery disease on HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors | 285 | Omega‐3 fatty acid (1.86 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 1.5 g docosahexaenoic acid) daily | No omega‐3 treatment | Secondary | CCTA | Coronary artery | Calcified plaque volume, % median (IQR); 39.1 (−5.2 to 118.1) treatment vs 57.4 (4.3 to 146.6) (P=0.18) | No significant attenuation in calcified plaque |
| Budoff 2020 55 | 18 | Coronary atherosclerosis | 80 | Omega‐3 fatty acid (4 g icosapent ethyl) daily | Placebo | Secondary | CCTA | Coronary artery | Dense calcium, % mean±SD; 0.0±0.5 treatment vs 0.4±1.2 control (P=0.0531) | No significant attenuation in dense calcium |
| Davidson 2010 45 | 17 (72 wk) | Aged 45–85 y with type 2 diabetes | 299 | 15–45 mg pioglitazone daily aiming for fasting blood glucose of 7.8 mmol/L or lower | 1–4 mg glimepiride daily aiming for fasting blood glucose of 7.8 mmol/L or lower | Secondary | EBCT | Coronary artery | CAC between treatment and control groups not quantified | No significant attenuation |
| Nozue 2016 57 | 11 | Type 2 diabetes who underwent successful elective PCI | 28 | 50 mg sitagliptin daily | Continue antidiabetic medication at time of randomization | Secondary | IVUS | Non‐PCI lesion in coronary artery | Calcified plaque volume, mm3, mean±SD; 2.1±0.9 to 3.2±1.8 treatment (P=0.06); 2.3±1.7 to 4.8±3.5 (P=0.04); between‐group P value difference not reported | No significant attenuation of calcified plaque |
| Hauser 2016 46 | 30 | Overweight men and women on stable HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitor therapy with coronary heart disease and creatinine clearance >60 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 | 257 | 3.5 g salsalate daily | Placebo | Secondary | CT | Coronary artery | Calcified plaque volume, mm3, mean (95% CI) (placebo minus treatment); −5 (−13 to 2) (P=0.17) | No significant attenuation |
| Hodis 2009 47 | 37 | Aged ≥40 y, with fasting homocysteine level ≥8.5 μmol/L | 506 | 5 mg folic acid daily, 0.4 mg vitamin B12 daily, and 50 mg vitamin B6 daily | Placebo | Secondary | CT | Coronary artery | CAC, median (IQR); 0 (0 to 43) treatment vs 0 (0 to 52) control (P=0.82) | No significant attenuation |
| Joshi 2016, post‐hoc analysis of the dal‐PLAQUE trial 48 | 6 (in post‐hoc; 24 in original dal‐PLAQUE trial) | Coronary heart disease or cardiovascular risk factors | 130 | 600 mg dalcetrapib daily | Placebo | Secondary | CT | Aortic arch, ascending aorta, carotid artery, and coronary artery | Coronary artery calcium with treatment minus control Agatston units, mean (95% CI); −61 (−171 to 48) (P=0.263) | No significant attenuation in any arterial territory |
CAC indicates coronary artery calcium; CT, computed tomography; CCTA, coronary computed tomography angiography; dal‐PLAQUE, Safety and efficacy of dalcetrapib on atherosclerotic disease using novel non‐invasive multimodality imaging; EBCT, electron‐beam computed tomography; HMG‐CoA, 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A; IQR, interquartile range; IVUS, intravascular ultrasound; and PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.