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. 2023 Dec 18;9:103. doi: 10.1038/s41522-023-00469-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a PCoA plot of all samples. Control samples are in blue while ASD samples are in red. b Beta Diversity Analysis as differences from each sample to control samples. There is a significant difference in beta diversity between ASD and control groups (PERMANOVA p = 0.002). Whisker plots representing quartiles. c Alpha-Diversity analysis using Faith’s PD. Alpha Diversity is increased in ASD group (PERMANOVA p = 0.005) Whisker box plots. Center line is mean. Boxes represent quartiles, and whiskers maximum and minimum. Dots outside of whiskers are outliers. **=p < 0.01 PERMANOVA.