Table 4.
Average rate of resource use and societal cost for pneumonia among study participants
| Type of cost | Resource use indicators |
Ballabgarh | Chennai | Kolkata | Pune | All sites | Cost indicators | Ballabgarh (562) |
Chennai (235) |
Kolkata (139) |
Pune (145) |
All sites (1081) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct medical | Number of consultations, mean (SD) | 0.7 (1.0) |
0.4 (0.7) |
0.7 (0.7) |
0.9 (0.9) |
0.7 (0.9) |
Cost of consultation, mean (SD) | 0.9 (3.1) |
1.1 (2.6) |
1.3 (2.1) |
2.4 (2.8) |
1.2 (2.8) |
| Took any medications, (%) | 96.6 | 68.5 | 70.5 | 69.7 | 83.5 | |||||||
| Took antibiotics, (%) | 28.8 | 35.7 | 39.6 | 44.8 | 33.9 | |||||||
| Took antivirals, (%) | 0.2 | 0.9 | 6.5 | 20.7 | 3.9 | Cost of medicines, mean (SD) | 1.9 (4.8) |
2.1 (4.9) |
2.6 (3.7) |
3.6 (4.8) |
2.3 (4.7) |
|
| With laboratory investigations, (%) | 2.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 6.9 | 2.6 | Cost of investigations, mean (SD) | 1.4 (6.5) |
0.7 (5.5) |
2.1 (10.4) |
0.9 (3.3) |
1.3 (6.6) |
|
| With radiological investigation, (%) | 9.3 | 0.9 | 6.5 | 5.5 | 6.6 | Direct medical cost, mean (SD) | 4.4 (11.7) |
3.9 (11.3) |
6.1 (13.3) |
6.9 (8.3) |
4.8 (11.5) |
|
| Direct non-medical | With travel cost, (%) | 10.7 | 11.1 | 17.9 | 26.2 | 13.8 | Direct non-medical cost, mean (SD) | 0.3 (4.1) |
0.2 (0.8) |
0.2 (0.6) |
0.4 (0.8) |
0.3 (3.0) |
| indirect | Duration of episode in days, mean (SD) | 12.8 (8.3) |
9.4 (7.0) |
8.9 (7.6) |
7.3 (5.2) |
10.8 (7.8) |
Loss of wages of patients, mean (SD) | 18.6 (23.3) |
23.5 (16.7) |
20.9 (20.6) |
14.2 (9.3) |
19.5 (20.4) |
| Days of loss for caregivers, mean (SD) | 0.1 (0.8) |
0.1 (0.5) |
0.2 (0.9) |
0.9 (2.0) |
0.2 (1.1) |
Loss of wages of caregivers, mean (SD) | 0.6 (4.3) |
0.4 (2.7) |
0.6 (2.9) |
3.7 (10.9) |
0.9 (5.4) |
|
| Patient workdays lost during episode, mean (SD) | 3.6 (4.4) |
4.5 (3.2) |
4.0 (3.9) |
2.7 (1.8) |
3.7 (3.9) |
Total indirect cost, mean (SD) | 19.3 (23.8) |
23.9 (17.0) |
21.6 (20.8) |
18.0 (13.6) |
20.5 (21.0) |
|
| Total cost of pneumonia, mean (SD) | 24.0 (28.4) |
28.0 (21.7) |
27.8 (26.7) |
25.4 (17.5) |
25.6 (25.6) |
|||||||
| Total cost of pneumonia, median (IQR) | 15.1 (3.8–36.3) |
25.9 (11.6–38.9) |
20.7 (10.7–34.5) |
23.9 (14.3–34.4) |
19.1 (7.7–36.3) |
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