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. 2023 Dec 18;3:185. doi: 10.1038/s43856-023-00393-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — The risk of bias and overall quality of each study was assessed independently or in duplicate using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tool for cohort studies, which was modified specifically for the objectives of the current systematic review. For each question, a reviewer could indicate “not applicable” (blank filled bars), “yes” (blue filled bars), “unclear” (orange filled bars), “no” (red filled bars). An answer of “yes” indicates less risk of bias and greater quality, and answer of “no” indicates a higher risk of bias and lower quality.