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. 2023 Jul 11;30(6):2083–2105. doi: 10.3758/s13423-023-02309-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Interaction plot of effect sizes by experimental paradigm and process for each event-related potential (ERP) effect. (a) Mid-frontal ERP effect. (b) Parietal effect. Filled circles show effect sizes (Hedge’s g) for each study, shaded areas show the probability density function of the data, and boxplots show the median and interquartile range. Insets illustrate the electrode inclusion criteria for each effect (see Methods – Inclusion criteria)