. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Dec 19.

Published in final edited form as: Ophthalmology. 2021 Feb 27;128(9):1276–1283. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.02.021

Table 2.

Time to Event Analysis for Development of Dementia Based on Vision Status

Self-reported visual impairment	HR	95% CI	P value
Unadjusted	4.4	(3.9 – 4.8)	<0.001
Adjusted^a
Demographics + SES	2.7	(2.4 – 3.0)	<0.001
+ Clinical risk factors	2.5	(2.2 – 2.8)	<0.001
+ Hearing and physical function impairments	2.3	(2.0 – 2.6)	<0.001
Self-reported distance visual impairment	HR	95% CI	P value
Unadjusted	4.3	(3.9 – 4.9)	<0.001
Adjusted^a
Demographics + SES	2.6	(2.3 – 3.0)	<0.001
+ Clinical risk factors	2.5	(2.2 – 2.8)	<0.001
+ Hearing and physical function impairments	2.3	(2.0 – 2.6)	<0.001
Self-reported near visual impairment	HR	95% CI	P value
Unadjusted	4.2	(3.7 – 4.8)	<0.001
Adjusted^a
Demographics + SES	2.4	(2.1 – 2.8)	<0.001
+ Clinical risk factors	2.2	(1.9 – 2.6)	<0.001
+ Hearing and physical function impairments	2.0	(1.8 – 2.4)	<0.001

Models adjusted for demographics and socioeconomic status (age, gender, race/ethnicity, education level, and annual household income), adding clinical risk factors (smoking status, diabetes, HTN, CHD, MI, and stroke), and finally including hearing and physical function impairments. Clinical risk factors and hearing and physical function impairments were treated as time varying covariates.

HR: hazard ratios for risk of developing dementia

HRs are reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Two-sided p-values <0.05 were deemed statistically significant.