Table 1.
The 15 CPS items in children’s self-report vs. the original 23 items (Barnett, 1991).
| The 15 CPS items in children’s self-report | The original 23 items |
|---|---|
| Social spontaneity | |
| 1. Do you like to take a leadership role when you are playing with other children? | 1. The child assumes a leadership role when playing with others. |
| 2. Do you like to ask other children to play with you? | 2. The child initiates play with others. |
| 3. Do you like to share playthings in the childcare center/kindergarten? | 3. The child is willing to share playthings. |
| 4. The child responds easily to others’ approaches during play. | |
| 5. The child plays cooperatively with other children. | |
| Cognitive spontaneity | |
| 4. Do you like to think of new things while playing such as a new game, new roles, or new rules? | 6. The child invents his/her own games to play. |
| 5. Do you like to stay longer with one activity during play? | 7. The child stays with one activity rather than changes activity during play. |
| 6. Do you like to play different character roles and dress up while playing? | 8. The child assumes different character roles in play. |
| 9. The child uses unconventional objects in play. | |
| Physical spontaneity | |
| 7. Do you like to run and skip during play? | 10. The child runs (skips, hops, jumps) a lot in play. |
| 8. Do you like to play quietly without moving around too much such as sitting at a table and playing something? | 11. The child prefers to be active rather than quiet in play. |
| 9. When playing, do you like to move actively such as running, climbing, and jumping? | 12. The child is physically active during play. |
| 13. The child’s movements are generally well-coordinated during play activities. | |
| Sense of humor | |
| 10. When playing with other children, do you like to fool around, such as with jokes and grimaces? | 14. The child enjoys joking with other children. |
| 11. Do you like to say funny things while you are playing? | 15. The child tells funny stories. |
| 12. When playing, do you like to tease the other children a bit by tickling them or hiding things from them? | 16. The child gently teases others while at play. |
| 17. The child laughs at humorous stories. | |
| 18. The child likes to clown around in play. | |
| Manifest joy | |
| 13. Do you like to talk while playing? | 19. The child sings and talks while playing. |
| 14. Do you like to play so intensely or concentratedly or focused that you do not get distracted? | 20. The child shows enthusiasm during play. |
| 15. Do you like to show your enjoyment when playing, for example, by smiling or laughing out loud? | 21. The child expresses enjoyment during play. |
| 22. The child demonstrates exuberance during play. | |
| 23. The child is restrained in expressing emotion during play. | |
Children’s Playfulness Scale in self-report was assessed on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = No, I do not like doing it; 4 = Yes, I like doing it), in proxy-reports on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Does not sound at all like the child; 5 = Sounds exactly like the child).