Table 3.
Multiple-group invariance testing grouped by gender, age, and language skills.
| Model across gender | Compared Model | χ2(df) | ΔSBχ2 (Δdf) | CFI | RMSEA | SRMR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A: Configural invariance | 8.264 (10) | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.017 | ||
| B: Full metric invariance | A | 16.899 (14) | +9.321 (4) | 0.993 | 0.028 | 0.044 |
| C: Full scalar invariance | B | 25.149 (18) | + 8.527 (4) | 0.982 | 0.039 | 0.050 |
| D: Full strict invariance | C | 28.123 (23) | + 3.300 (5) | 0.987 | 0.029 | 0.056 |
| Model across age | ||||||
| A: Configural invariance | 8.832 (10) | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.020 | ||
| B: Full metric invariance | A | 11.731 (14) | +2.830 (4) | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.030 |
| C: Full scalar invariance | B | 17.924 (18) | +6.755 (4) | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.035 |
| D: Full strict invariance | C | 26.079 (23) | +8.119 (5) | 0.992 | 0.023 | 0.046 |
| Model across language skills | ||||||
| A: Configural invariance | 10.012 (15) | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.022 | ||
| B: Full metric invariance | A | 13.024 (23) | +2.642 (8) | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.031 |
| C: Full scalar invariance | B | 32.791 (31) | +21.175 (8)** | 0.994 | 0.019 | 0.049 |
| D: Partial scalar invariance (except PS) | B | 23.685 (29) | +11.644 (6) | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.043 |
| E: Partial strict invariance (except PS) | D | 31.039 (39) | +7.399 (10) | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.054 |
PS, physical spontaneity; χ2, Satorra-Bentler scaled Chi-square; df, degrees of freedom; Δ, difference value; CFI, comparative fit index; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; SRMR, standardized root mean square residual; **p < 0.01.