Table 2.

Description of included studies.

Author, Year	Intervention Description	Main Outcomes Assessed and Results	Audience Description
Baillargeon, 2020 [23]	●A 2-day obesity preceptorship was offered. ●Interactive sessions were delivered by content experts including lessons on obesity evaluation, medical and surgical treatment options, behavioural approaches, tips for diet and physical activity, and observation of patient encounters. ●Day 2 of the preceptorship occurred 1 month later. The focus of day 2 was pediatric obesity, nutrition and physical activity, and discussion of clinical vignettes. ●All participants had access to a website with resources and literature on obesity management. ●After the preceptorship there were optional monthly meetings to continue to network with the tertiary team and attend educational webinars.	●Main outcomes were attitudes towards patients who have obesity, confidence for obesity management, self-efficacy for discussing nutrition and physical activity, and a chart review was completed to assess changes in variables that were recorded. ●Physician attitudes towards patients with obesity significantly improved, there was no difference in attitudes of nurses. ●Confidence levels for obesity management significantly improved for all participants and this was maintained at 1 year post. ●Self-efficacy for discussing nutrition and physical activity improved for all participants and this was maintained at 1 year post. ●Physicians were more likely to measure weight, waist circumference, and readiness for change after the training.	35 participants including 12 nurses and 23 physicians.
Garneau, 2014 [29]	●A laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy preceptorship and proctorship was offered. ●Training was delivered by specialists in bariatric surgery. ●First trainees were brought to a bariatric centre to learn through observation and assist in bariatric procedures. ●Then onsite consulting surgeons offered continuing training. Support personnel such as nurses also attended trainings.	●Outcomes assessed were preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative data of patients. ●The trained surgeons performed appropriately with minor complications on 31 patients assessed.	2 surgeons participated in the training.
Hawa, 2017 [27]	●A resource that provides a case study of binge eating disorder was made available. ●The resource includes video clips to demonstrate the evolution of the case over 10–12 weeks, and has interactive quizzes, texts and other supplementary videos. ●The module explains why medical students need to understand binge eating disorders and how it affects individuals including those who have obesity. ●They review pathophysiology, comorbidities like obesity, and treatment options.	●Feedback on the module has been positive from both students and faculty. ●Comments received included positive feedback on the practicality of the resource overall, improvement in understanding of binge eating disorders and the relationship with obesity, and ease of use.	5 medical students provided feedback.
Luig, 2020 [24]	●The course focuses on the 5 As approach to obesity management. ●The course is available online and is completed in 8–11 h over 2 days. ●The 5As tool was reviewed in interactive lectures and practiced with patients. ●Participants could also wear an empathy suit and engage in tasks of daily living and then complete a one-page narrative reflection. ●Participants engaged in patient interviews using the 5As and then had small group discussions. ●They then were asked to practice their learned skills in clinic and reflect on their experience in a one-page narrative. ●The course is delivered by medical professionals with content expertise.	●Main outcomes assessed were attitudes towards patients who have obesity, confidence in providing care, and changes in practice. ●Overall, following the course beliefs about obesity improved however there was no change in attitude. ●Residents were more confident in caring for patients who have obesity including assessing causes, advising on treatment options, weight counselling, and providing referrals.	42 family medicine residents.
Obadia, 2013 [30]	●A motivational interviewing training intervention was delivered to family physicians on childhood obesity management. ●This was compared with receiving standard obesity-related educational resources. ●Patient charts were reviewed of physicians who attended the training to compare differences in recorded care.	●246 patient charts were reviewed. ●The motivational interviewing group was more likely to record pre-existing medical conditions and provide a referral to an allied health professional.	12 primary care physicians completed the trainings.
Ryan, 2017 [25]	●An evidence-based physical activity education intervention was developed by content experts. ●This was administered via a seminar focused on benefits of being active, and how to integrate physical activity in clinical settings. ●Health communication strategies were discussed to empathetically engage in physical activity counselling with individuals who have obesity. ●Weight bias content was also included.	●Beliefs and attitudes about persons who have obesity were measured pre and post the seminar and overall there was a statistical improvement.	Majority of the participants were in undergraduate health-related programs, with only 1 who specified they are currently training in medicine.
Sanchez-Ramirez, 2018 [26]	●A one-day accredited educational event was organized by a team of allied health professionals. ●The goal was to promote interprofessional learning to care for people who have obesity. ●Leaders presented on their experiences caring for patients who have obesity. ●Obesity case studies were reviewed followed by round table discussions. ●Topics covered were the role of healthcare professionals in obesity management, prevalence, prevention, collaborative approaches to care, barriers in discussing weight loss, effective counselling, assessing readiness for change and opportunities to practice having patient conversations.	●Main outcomes assessed were skills, attitudes and challenges towards obesity management. ●Overall there was improvement in skills to assess weight and address weight management issues. ●Participants felt more knowledgeable about obesity, were more aware of where to refer patients and comfortable having discussions on obesity. ●These improvements remained after 6 months.	Front-line healthcare providers were invited to attend including physicians; 67 completed both pre and post evaluations.
Wharton, 2022 [28]	●An online self-directed platform titled Integrated Approaches to Change Treatment in Obesity (i-ACT™ in Obesity). ●The goal of the program is to evoke behaviour change and advance the clinical management of people with obesity. ●It is developed by medical professionals and experts in the field of obesity management. ●The platform includes self-teaching and interactions with mentors and obesity experts. ●Content includes understanding the learner's profile to individualize the curriculum for their needs and knowledge. ●There are educational videos on a variety of topics including consequences of obesity, nutrition, exercise. ●Learners identified 10 patients in their practice to reflect on how their practice has changed. ●There was opportunity to receive feedback in accordance with Obesity Medical Education Collaborative competencies. ●Small virtual groups sessions were available for mentoring.	●Overall pilot results showed that there was significant improvement in confidence and comfort to have obesity related discussions with patients and greater intention to use more obesity treatment options moving forward. ●Participants also indicated high satisfaction with using a self-directed learning tool.	91 family physicians participated.