Table 3.

Multivariable logistic regression analysis of depression and anxiety by important risk factors

Characteristics	PHQ-9 depression ≥10		GAD-7 anxiety ≥10
	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Age group, year
<25	Ref		Ref
25–34	1.29 (0.94 to 1.78)	0.110	1.62 (1.16 to 2.24)	0.004
35–44	1.43 (1.02 to 1.98)	0.035	1.45 (1.03 to 2.05)	0.034
>45	0.79 (0.53 to 1.16)	0.229	0.61 (0.40 to 0.93)	0.022
BMI, kg/m2
Underweight (<18.5)	Ref		–
Normal weight (18.5–22.9)	1.12 (0.69 to 1.79)	0.637	–
Overweight (23–27.4)	1.17 (0.74 to 1.87)	0.494	–
Obese (≥27.5)	1.55 (0.97 to 2.47)	0.068	–
Education level
No education	Ref		Ref
Primary	1.68 (1.30 to 2.15)	<0.001	1.79 (1.38 to 2.32)	<0.001
Secondary	0.98 (0.78 to 1.23)	0.870	1.05 (0.83 to 1.33)	0.698
Tertiary	1.13 (0.77 to 1.67)	0.534	0.45 (0.27 to 0.76)	0.003
Marital status
Single	Ref		–
Married	1.27 (0.87 to 1.86)	0.207	–
Widow/divorced/separated	3.27 (2.04 to 5.23)	<0.001	–
Work status
Employed	Ref		Ref
Self-employed	2.88 (1.88 to 4.41)	<0.001	1.61 (1.02 to 2.56)	0.043
Unemployed	1.45 (0.91 to 2.30)	0.121	2.38 (1.49 to 3.81)	<0.001
Student	4.92 (2.63 to 9.18)	<0.001	4.58 (2.48 to 8.43)	<0.001
Housewife	1.67 (1.16 to 2.39)	0.006	1.67 (1.13 to 2.46)	0.011
Comorbidity
None	Ref		Ref
Hypertension	1.85 (1.53 to 2.23)	<0.001	2.04 (1.67 to 2.49)	<0.001
Diabetes miletus	0.72 (0.49 to 1.06)	0.095	1.49 (1.03 to 2.17)	0.036
Obesity	1.78 (1.13 to 2.81)	0.013	2.19 (1.37 to 3.49)	0.001
History of cardiac disease	14.54 (5.04 to 41.95)	<0.001	16.15 (6.48 to 40.25)	<0.001
Sleeping hours
≤6	Ref		Ref
>6	1.30 (1.09 to 1.55)	0.004	1.22 (1.01 to 1.47)	0.040

OR adjusted for variables had p value ≤0.250 in univariate analysis.

BMI, body mass index; GAD-7, Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9.