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. 2023 Dec 19;24:790. doi: 10.1186/s12864-023-09875-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Sex-based expression differences in noninvasive samples. a Volcano plot of sex-based differentially expressed genes in hair. Genes highlighted in red are replicated sun-exposed skin findings in GTEx. Dotted line indicates 0.05 significance threshold. b Hair FGSEA of all genes ranked by z-score and using the Hallmark Gene set from MSigDB. c Sex-based differentially expressed genes in urine cell pellets. Genes highlighted in red are replicated kidney cortex findings in GTEx. d Urine FGSEA of all genes ranked by z-score and using the Hallmark Gene set from MSigDB