Table 2.
8–10 year child weight, anthropometric, blood pressure and pulse wave velocity outcomes by treatment group
| Outcome | Lifestyle Advice n = 1065 |
Standard Care n = 1056 |
Unadjusted Estimate (95% CI) | Unadjusted p value | Adjusted Estimate (95% CI) | Adjusted p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI z-score > 85th Percentile# | 479 (45.02) | 507 (47.75) | 0.94 (0.83, 1.07) | 0.379 | 0.93 (0.82, 1.06) | 0.302 |
| Weight (kg)a | 36.69 (35.87, 37.51) |
36.51 (35.74, 37.28) |
0.18 (-0.93, 1.30) | 0.747 | 0.05 (-1.02, 1.11) | 0.934 |
| Weight z-score |
1.02 (0.90, 1.13) |
1.00 (0.89, 1.11) |
0.02 (-0.14, 0.17) | 0.835 | 0.00 (-0.15, 0.16) | 0.984 |
| Height (cm)a | 137.80 (137.21, 138.39) | 137.97 (137.42, 138.52) | -0.17 (-0.97, 0.64) | 0.688 | -0.17 (-0.90, 0.56) | 0.642 |
| Height z-score |
0.53 (0.45, 0.60) |
0.54 (0.46, 0.62) |
-0.01 (-0.12, 0.09) | 0.801 | -0.01 (-0.12, 0.09) | 0.793 |
| BMI (kg/m2)a |
19.04 (18.71, 19.37) |
18.88 (18.60, 19.16) | 0.16 (-0.28, 0.61) | 0.476 | 0.10 (-0.33, 0.53) | 0.651 |
| BMI z-score |
0.98 (0.87, 1.09) |
0.94 (0.83, 1.05) |
0.04 (-0.11, 0.19) | 0.603 | 0.02 (-0.13, 0.17) | 0.773 |
| Head Circumference (cm)a |
53.54 (53.39, 53.69) |
53.60 (53.45, 53.74) |
-0.06 (-0.26, 0.15) | 0.598 | -0.05 (-0.25, 0.15) | 0.610 |
| Abdomen Circumference (cm)a | 66.27 (65.40, 67.15) |
65.66 (64.75, 66.57) |
0.61 (-0.62, 1.85) | 0.332 | 0.45 (-0.75, 1.66) | 0.461 |
| Arm Circumference (cm)a |
22.62 (22.30, 22.94) |
22.37 (22.08, 22.66) |
0.25 (-0.17, 0.67) | 0.245 | 0.19 (-0.21, 0.60) | 0.351 |
| Weight z-score > 85th Percentile+ | 505 (47.40) | 528 (50.03) | 0.95 (0.83, 1.08) | 0.414 | 0.94 (0.83, 1.07) | 0.354 |
| Weight z-score > 90th Percentile# | 426 (39.96) | 437 (41.42) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.11) | 0.627 | 0.95 (0.83, 1.10) | 0.527 |
| BMI z-score > 90th Percentile#† | 415 (39.00) | 431 (40.8) | 0.96 (0.83, 1.11) | 0.553 | 0.95 (0.82, 1.09) | 0.446 |
| Biceps SFTM (mm)a |
10.54 (9.99, 11.09) |
10.14 (9.63, 10.65) |
0.39 (-0.36, 1.15) | 0.306 | 0.29 (-0.44, 1.03) | 0.432 |
| Triceps SFTM (mm)a |
15.62 (14.91, 16.32) |
15.71 (15.12, 16.30) |
-0.09 (-0.98, 0.80) | 0.837 | -0.19 (-1.07, 0.68) | 0.666 |
| Subscapular SFTM (mm)a |
11.25 (10.52, 11.98) |
10.89 (10.25, 11.52) |
0.36 (-0.59, 1.32) | 0.456 | 0.23 (-0.70, 1.16) | 0.623 |
| Supra SFTM (mm)a |
15.74 (14.66, 16.83) |
15.43 (14.41, 16.44) |
0.32 (-1.15, 1.79) | 0.672 | 0.15 (-1.30, 1.61) | 0.835 |
| Abdomen SFTM (mm)a |
17.90 (16.80, 18.99) |
17.17 (16.13, 18.22) |
0.73 (-0.72, 2.17) | 0.325 | 0.55 (-0.88, 1.98) | 0.453 |
| Thigh SFTM (mm)a |
25.63 (24.37, 26.90) |
25.32 (24.24, 26.40) |
0.31 (-1.33, 1.95) | 0.711 | 0.14 (-1.46, 1.74) | 0.867 |
| Sum of SFTM (mm)a |
95.78 (90.03, 101.52) |
91.73 (87.41, 96.06) |
4.05 (-3.07, 11.16) | 0.265 | 3.26 (-3.72, 10.24) | 0.360 |
| Fat Free Mass (kg) |
25.78 (25.24, 26.31) |
26.19 (25.69, 26.69) |
-0.41 (-1.15, 0.32) | 0.270 | -0.47 (-1.20, 0.27) | 0.215 |
| Total Fat Mass (kg) |
10.68 (9.95, 11.40) |
10.62 (9.82, 11.42) |
0.06 (-0.94, 1.05) | 0.907 | -0.00 (-0.99, 0.99) | 0.996 |
| Percentage Fat Mass (kg) |
27.76 (26.49, 29.03) |
27.28 (26.11, 28.45) |
0.48 (-1.27, 2.22) | 0.592 | 0.41 (-1.33, 2.15) | 0.646 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)a |
108.31 (107.52, 109.10) |
108.18 (107.34, 109.02) |
0.13 (-0.99, 1.24) | 0.823 | 0.08 (-1.03, 1.19) | 0.884 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)a |
67.18 (66.44, 67.91) |
66.93 (66.13, 67.73) |
0.24 (-0.82, 1.31) | 0.655 | 0.26 (-0.81, 1.33) | 0.634 |
| Pulse Wave Velocity (m/s)b |
4.60 (4.46, 4.74) |
4.41 (4.30, 4.52) |
0.19 (0.01, 0.37) | 0.037 | 0.20 (0.02, 0.37) | 0.029 |
Outcomes are continuous unless otherwise indicated. Descriptives are mean (SD) and estimates are differences in means (Lifestyle Advice – Standard Care) and 95% Confidence Interval from linear regression models
Outcomes marked ‘#’ are binary; descriptives are N (%), with frequencies calculated from estimated proportions combined across imputations. Estimates are Relative Risks and 95% Confidence Interval from log binomial regression models
† Log Poisson regression with robust variance estimation used for adjusted model due to convergence issues with log binomial
Adjusted estimates are from models adjusted for study centre, parity, maternal BMI category, smoking status, maternal age at trial entry and SEIFA Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSD) quintile
a = adjusted for child sex and actual age at assessment
b = Sensitivity analysis for this outcome was conducted in which three outlier observations (all in Lifestyle Advice Group) were removed; adjusted estimate for this analysis was 0.11 (-0.02, 0.24), p = 0.087