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. 2023 Nov 9;15(2):2274124. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2274124

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 5. — FMT or bile acid treatment recovers postprandial GLP-1 response in microbiome- depleted mice. (a, b) Comparison of fasting GLP-1 levels in the plasma (a) and intestinal tissue (b) of GF mice and GF mice colonized with fecal microbiota (FMT) (n = 6 per group). (c) Representative immunofluorescence staining for GLP-1 (green) and quantification of GLP-1 positive cells in the ileum and colon from GF and FMT mice (n = 6 fields of 3 mice per group with each mice containing 2 fields). Nuclei were stained by DAPI (blue). Scale bars, 200 μm. (d-g) GLP-1 response after olive oil gavage in the plasma (d) and intestinal tissue (e-g) of GF and FMT mice (n = 6/time point/group). (h, i) Concentration of fasting primary bile acids (h) and secondary bile acids (i) in the ileum of GF and FMT mice (n = 6/group). (j, k) Changes in ωMCA after olive oil gavage in the ileum (j) and plasma (k) of FMT mice (n = 6 per time point). (l) Changes in HCA after olive oil gavage in the ileum of FMT mice (n = 6 per time point). (m, n) Comparison of fasting GLP-1 levels in the plasma (m) and intestinal tissue (n) of control or ωMCA + HCA treated ABX mice (n = 6 per group). (o-r) GLP-1 response after olive oil gavage in the plasma (o) and intestinal tissue (p-r) of control or ωMCA + HCA treated ABX mice (n = 6/time point/group). Data are shown as mean ± SEM. *P < .05, **P < .01, vs. 0 min; ^##P < .01, ^###P < .001, vs. GF mice or control group. Statistical significance was determined by (a-c, h and i, m and n) unpaired Student’s t-test, (d-g, o-r) two-way ANOVA with the Dunnett’s posttest, or (j-l) one-way ANOVA with the Dunnett’s posttest. Abbreviations: ωMCA: ω-muricholic acid; HCA: hyocholic acid.