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. 2023 Oct 26;20(1):847–858. doi: 10.1080/15476286.2023.2272118

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 4. — Challenges of circRNA nanomedicine.

Optimization of homologous arms is key to enhancing circulation efficiency of circRNA. The achievement of efficient translation is dependent on several factors, including adenosine modification (N⁶-methyladenosine), incorporation of IRES, and utilization of aptamers. Despite significant production advancements in recent years, purification and delivery of circRNA remain challenging. The immunogenic properties of circRNA require further investigation and exploration.