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. 2023 Dec 6;15(2):2291164. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2291164

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 1. — Bifidobacterial cell surface components, present in both attached and secreted forms, within gut lumen. These components act on both gut epithelium (increasing proliferation, enterocyte adhesion, and modulating cytokine production) and host immune cells (DC, macrophages, and Tregs). DC = dendritic cell; EPS = exopolysaccharide; Mac = macrophage; Treg = Foxp3+ regulatory T cells.