Table 2.
Bifidobacterium association with disease states and models.
| Disease/Model | Strain/Genus | Presence (+) or Absence of (-) Bacteria Biomolecular/Cellular Effects | Host | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart Transplant | B. pseudolongum ATCC25526 | (+) ↑ LN laminin ratios; ↓ allograft inflammation and fibrosis | Mouse | 36 |
| Liver Transplant | Bifidobacterium | (+) ↑ intestinal barrier function | Rat | 38 |
| Kidney/Liver Transplant | Bifidobacteriaceae/Bifidobacterium | (-) depleted in transplant recipients | Human | 41–43 |
| Liver Transplant | Bifidobacteriaceae | (+) acute cellular rejection | Human | 44 |
| DSS Colitis | B. pseudocatenulatum MY40C and CCFM680, B. infantis CGMCC0460.1, B. animalis subsp. lactis XLTG11, B. breve M1 and M2 | (+) ↓ colitis; ↑ tight junction and adherens junction proteins (β-catenin, claudin-3, occludin, and ZO-1) and ↑ mucin 2, IL-10 and PPARγ; ↓ TNFα and IL-6, downregulation of TLR4/NFκB pathway, production of colonic conjugated linoleic acid | Mouse | 45–48 |
| CTLA-4 blockade-induced colitis | B. breve | (+) ↓ colitis, ↑ Treg function | Mouse | 49 |
| Gliadin-Induced Enteropathy |
B. longum CECT 7347; B. longum CECT 7347 co-administration with gliadin |
(+) ↓ inflammatory cytokines and CD4 T cell mediated immune responses; restores intestinal structure; restores NFκB and IL-10, ↑ TNFα; ↓ overall CD4 and Treg, ↑ CD8 T cells; ↑ stress and intestinal absorption proteins, ↓ cellular homeostasis proteins (cytoskeletal organization, protein transport, gene transcription, retinoic acid binding, and cell starvation) | Mouse | 50,51 |
| Gliadin-Induced Enteropathy | Bifidobacterium longum NCC2705 | (+) ↓ intraepithelial lymphocytosis | Mouse | 52 |
| Gliadin-Induced Enteropathy | B. longum ES1 and B. bifidum ES2 | (+) ↓ inflammatory cytokines | In vitro | 53 |
| Gliadin-Induced Enteropathy | B. lactis | (+)↓ gliadin-induced epithelial permeability; ↓ membrane ruffle formation; protected tight junctions | In vitro | 54 |
| EAMG | B. animalis subsp. Lactis BB12, B. animalis subsp. Lactis LMG S-28195 | (+) ↓ thymic IFNγ, TNFα, IL-6, and IL-17 | Rat | 55 |
| EAMG | B. bifidum with IRT5 probiotic cocktail | (+) ↑ IL-10, TGFβ, arginase 1, and aldh1a2 expression in DCs | Rat | 56 |
| EAE |
B. animalis PTCC 1631 with Lactobacillus plantarum A7; B. bifidum with IRT5 probiotic cocktail |
(+) ↓ disease progression; ↓ central nervous system inflammation; ↑ Treg in PLN and spleen; ↓ Th1 and Th17 via ↓ IL-17, IL-6, and IFNγ and ↑ TGFβ, IL-4, and IL-10 | Mouse | 57,58 |
| Multiple Sclerosis | Bifidobacterium | (+) associated with disease | Human (adult and pediatric) | 59,60 |
| Shrimp tropomyosin-induced allergy | B. lactis | (+) ↑ Treg/Th17 ratios | Mouse | 61 |
| Shrimp tropomyosin-induced allergy | B. infantis 14.518 | (+) ↑ DC maturation and accumulation of CD103+ tolerogenic DCs in Peyer’s patches and MLN; ↑ Tregs and ↓ Th2 responses | Mouse | 62 |
| Ova-induced food allergy | B. breve M-16V | (+) ↓ Th2 response via ST2 blockade | Mouse | 63 |
| Ova-induced food allergy | B. longum KACC 91,563 with IgETRAP | (+) neutralizes IgE and ↓ allergic responses | Mouse | 64 |
| Ova-induced rhinitis | B. breve | (+) ↑ levels of splenic Treg along with ↓ Th2 responses (serum IgE, IL-4, and IL-10) | Mouse | 65 |
DSS = Dextran Sodium Sulfate; EAE = experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; EAMG = experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis