Table 1.
Effects of swim exercise on left ventricular structure and function
| Cre− (NPPA controls) | Nppa-Cre+ | Cre− (Tie2 controls) | Tie2-Cre+ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sedentary | Swim | Sedentary | Swim | Sedentary | Swim | Sedentary | Swim | |
| Body parameters n | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 6 |
| Body weight (BW) (g) | 39.7 ± 0.6 | 34.6 ± 0.3* | 38.6 ± 0.8 | 34.0 ± 0.5** | 38.9 ± 0.9 | 35.1 ± 0.4* | 39.1 ± 0.7 | 34.6 ± 0.4 |
| Tibia length (mm) | 19.2 ± 0.1 | 19.3 ± 0.1 | 19.3 ± 0.1 | 19.2 ± 0.1 | 19.1 ± 0.1 | 19.2 ± 0.1 | 19.2 ± 0.1 | 19.2 ± 0.1 |
| Ventricle weight (mg) | 164.2 ± 3.4 | 149.9 ± 3.7* | 160.2 ± 3.6 | 155.3 ± 3.8 | 161.2 ± 3.6 | 148.3 ± 3.5* | 165.1 ± 3.9 | 153.6 ± 3.8 |
| Ventricle/tibia length (mg/mm) | 8.55 ± 0.26 | 7.77 ± 0.27 | 8.30 ± 0.23 | 8.09 ± 0.24 | 8.44 ± 0.29 | 7.72 ± 0.30 | 8.60 ± 0.32 | 8.00 ± 0.29 |
| Echocardiography n | 12 | 17 | 15 | 17 | 14 | 18 | 14 | 24 |
| LVDd (mm) | 4.26 ± 0.05 | 4.50 ± 0.06* | 4.24 ± 0.06 | 4.41 ± 0.04** | 4.16 ± 0.09 | 4.48 ± 0.07 | 4.13 ± 0.07 | 4.48 ± 0.08 |
| LVDs (mm) | 2.83 ± 0.09 | 3.10 ± 0.07* | 2.83 ± 0.08 | 2.99 ± 0.04 | 2.68 ± 0.09 | 3.03 ± 0.07 | 2.68 ± 0.07 | 3.07 ± 0.07 |
| EF (%) | 62.8 ± 1.9 | 59.2 ± 1.2 | 62.3 ± 1.7 | 60.2 ± 0.7 | 65.4 ± 1.2 | 61.0 ± 0.9 | 64.9 ± 1.5 | 59.7 ± 0.9 |
| FS (%) | 33.8 ± 1.4 | 31.3 ± 0.8 | 33.5 ± 1.2 | 32.1 ± 0.4 | 35.6 ± 0.9 | 32.7 ± 0.6 | 35.2 ± 1.1 | 31.8 ± 0.6 |
| CO (mL/min) | 26.5 ± 1.0 | 25.7 ± 0.7 | 26.2 ± 0.7 | 25.0 ± 0.7 | 27.0 ± 1.2 | 24.4 ± 1.3 | 25.6 ± 0.9 | 22.6 ± 1.3 |
| HR (BPM) | 537 ± 19 | 475 ± 16* | 529 ± 17 | 471 ± 11** | 539 ± 16 | 434 ± 13 | 522 ± 17 | 414 ± 18 |
| LVPWth (mm) | 0.82 ± 0.02 | 0.77 ± 0.03* | 0.81 ± 0.02 | 0.77 ± 0.01** | 0.80 ± 0.01 | 0.77 ± 0.02 | 0.80 ± 0.01 | 0.76 ± 0.01 |
| Haemodynamics n | 9 | 12 | 11 | 19 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 9 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 93.6 ± 3.2 | 102.1 ± 3.2 | 95.9 ± 3.2 | 92.1 ± 3.6 | 92.0 ± 4.1 | 91.5 ± 4.3 | 92.4 ± 3.6 | 94.1 ± 3.1 |
| LVPs (mmHg) | 113.2 ± 2.3 | 114.8 ± 3.4 | 109.3 ± 2.9 | 108.0 ± 2.6 | 106.4 ± 3.0 | 104.9 ± 4.2 | 105.8 ± 3.2 | 108.1 ± 2.6 |
| LV +dP/dtmax (mmHg/s) | 8930 ± 374 | 10 166 ± 316* | 9073 ± 296 | 10 077 ± 256** | 9047 ± 470 | 10 295 ± 413 | 9834 ± 371 | 10 310 ± 573 |
| LV −dP/dtmin (mmHg/s) | −9638 ± 463 | −12 147 ± 508* | −9670 ± 262 | −1088 ± 385** | −9285 ± 545 | −9625 ± 625 | 10 151 ± 582 | 11 199 ± 821 |
| Dob +dP/dtmax (mmHg/s) | 13 980 ± 673*** | 14 623 ± 492*** | 14 824 ± 611*** | 14 987 ± 282*** | 12 758 ± 557*** | 13 007 ± 305*** | 13 242 ± 796*** | 13 905 ± 858*** |
CO, cardiac output; EF, ejection fraction; FS, fractional shortening; HR, heart rate; LVDd, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVDs, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVPWth, left ventricular posterior wall thickness; LVPs, left ventricular systolic pressure; LV +dP/dtmax, maximum rate of left ventricular pressure development; LV −dP/dtmin, minimum rate of left ventricular pressure development; MAP, mean arterial pressure.
* P < 0.05 Student’s t-test vs. Cre− for Nppa or Tie2 sedentary.
** P < 0.05 Student’s t-test vs. Nppa-Cre+ or Tie2-Cre+ sedentary.
*** P < 0.05 two-way ANOVA pre–post dobutamine.