Fig. 1. Metabolic characterization of HFD-fed Vgat-Gipr KO mice.
a–c, Body weight development (a) and body composition of 35-week-old male C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and Vgat-Gipr knockout (KO) mice (n = 7–8 each group) (b,c). d–f, Food intake in 35-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n = 7 each group) (d) as well as assimilated energy and assimilation efficiency in 35-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n = 7–8 each group) (e,f). g–j, Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (g), fatty acid (FA) oxidation (h), energy expenditure (i) and locomotor activity (j) in 35-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n = 7–8 each group). k,l, Fasting levels of blood glucose (k) and insulin (l) in 37-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n = 7–8 each group). m–p, Intraperitoneal insulin tolerance in 38-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n = 7–8 each group) (m,n) and glucose tolerance in 34-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (o,p). q–t, HbA1c (q) and plasma levels of triglycerides (r), cholesterol (s) and free fatty acids (FFA) (t) in 40-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n = 7–8 each group). Data in a,d,m–p were analyzed by repeated measures two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni’s post hoc test for comparison of individual time points. Data in b,c,e–h,j,k,l,q–t were analyzed using a Student’s two-sided, two-tailed t-test. Data in i were analyzed using ANCOVA with body weight as covariate. Date are mean ± s.e.m.; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001. Individual P values are shown in the Source Data file, unless P < 0.0001.