Fig. 2. Associations between key early-life factors and total EBP at ages 2 and 4 years, mediated by OS biomarker 8-OHGua at 36 weeks.

^*Prenatal factors. Maternal education (lower indicates no university degree). Residential SED represents greater disadvantage. Minimally adjusted for child’s sex, gestational age at urine collection, and child’s age at the time of behavioural assessment. 8-OHGua 8-hydroxyguanosine, CBCL Child Behavior Checklist, EBP emotional and behavioural problems, M maternal, OS oxidative stress, SED socioeconomic disadvantage, SDQ Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, SHS secondhand smoke.