Table 3.
Individual associations between early-life factors and (i) maternal 8-OHGua during pregnancy and (ii) child total EBP in early childhood.
| Maternal OS Biomarker | Child Total EBP | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8-OHGua, ng/mL | 2 years | 4 years | ||||
| Key early-life factors | β (95% CI)* | P | β (95% CI)† | P | β (95% CI)† | P |
| Sociodemographic | ||||||
| Maternal age (<25 years) | 0.11 (−0.23, 0.44) | 0.53 | 6.31 (2.87, 9.74) | <0.001 | 2.27 (0.78, 3.75) | 0.003 |
| Maternal education (lower)a | 0.17 (0.02, 0.32) | 0.02 | 1.46 (0.09, 2.83) | 0.04 | 1.40 (0.74, 2.06) | <0.001 |
| Household income, $10,000 AUDb | 0.04 (−0.04, 0.11) | 0.37 | 1.84 (1.14, 2.54) | <0.001 | 0.89 (0.56, 1.22) | <0.001 |
| Residential SED (lowest tertile)c | 0.22 (0.06, 0.38) | 0.01 | 0.89 (−0.63, 2.42) | 0.25 | 0.80 (0.08, 1.52) | 0.03 |
| Household composition | ||||||
| Single-parent family | −0.37 (−0.92, 0.19) | 0.20 | 3.88 (0.31, 7.46) | 0.03 | 3.81 (1.76, 5.86) | <0.001 |
| Multiparity | −0.06 (−0.21, 0.08) | 0.40 | −1.48 (−2.81, −0.14) | 0.03 | −1.28 (−1.91, −0.64) | <0.001 |
| Prenatal | ||||||
| Gestational age, weeks | 0.07 (0.01, 0.14) | 0.02 | 0.01 (−0.46, 0.49) | 0.96 | −0.05 (−0.28, 0.18) | 0.67 |
| Perceived stress, score | −0.001 (−0.01, 0.02) | 0.97 | 0.31 (0.20, 0.41) | <0.001 | 0.15 (0.10, 0.21) | <0.001 |
| Prescription medication use | 0.16 (0.01, 0.30) | 0.04 | −0.04 (−1.39, 1.32) | 0.96 | 0.85 (0.20, 1.49) | 0.01 |
| Tobacco smoking | 0.31 (0.09, 0.53) | 0.006 | 3.36 (1.28, 5.43) | 0.002 | 1.39 (0.38, 2.40) | 0.007 |
| SHS exposure | 0.19 (0.003, 0.38) | 0.05 | 1.95 (−0.08, 3.97) | 0.06 | 1.59 (0.62, 2.56) | 0.001 |
| Air freshener use | 0.13 (−0.02, 0.29) | 0.10 | 1.94 (0.32, 3.55) | 0.02 | 1.17 (0.41, 1.94) | 0.003 |
| Paint use | −0.21 (−0.38, −0.03) | 0.02 | 0.89 (−0.82, 2.6) | 0.31 | 0.38 (−0.47, 1.22) | 0.38 |
| Herbicide use (weed killer) | −0.22 (−0.42, −0.01) | 0.04 | −0.56 (−2.31, 1.19) | 0.53 | 0.01 (−0.89, 0.91) | 0.98 |
For an extension of associations between early-life factors and maternal OS biomarkers and childhood EBP, see Supplementary Materials Table S4.
8-OHGua 8-hydroxyguanosine, AUD Australian dollars, CI confidence interval, EBP emotional and behavioural problems, ng/mL per 1 nanogram per millilitre, OS oxidative stress, SED socioeconomic disadvantage, SHS secondhand smoke.
*Minimally adjusted for child’s sex and gestational age at the time of urine collection.
†Minimally adjusted for child’s sex and time of behavioural assessment.
aMaternal education level (lower indicates no university degree).
bHousehold income (by $10,000 AUD) was standardised to have a mean of 0 and SD of 1.
cResidential SED (lowest tertile indicates greater disadvantage).