Fig. 1.

Diagram of the cell cycle. The key stages of the plant cell cycle, Synthesis (S) and Mitosis (M) phases, are separated by gap phases (G1 and G2). Regulatory checkpoints at G1/S, G2/M transitions, during S phase, and before anaphase, are crucial for maintaining DNA fidelity and regulating cell cycle progression. The term G0 is used in plants for meristematic quiescence or terminal differentiation, but its definition is unclear. In addition to the regular cell cycle, plants also exhibit a cell cycle variant known as endoreplication, in which nuclear DNA is replicated without subsequent cell division, resulting in increased ploidy levels or polyploidy