Figure 1.

Local and Collaborative Training Processes and the Challenges Associated with Domain Transfer. (A) Center I conventionally trains an AI model to analyze chest radiographs using local data, e.g., bedside chest radiographs of patients in intensive care (supine position, anteroposterior projection). The AI model performs well on test data from the same institution (on-domain), but fails on data from another hospital (Center X) that does not operate an intensive care unit but an outpatient clinic with special consultations. Thus, the chest radiographs to be analyzed have been obtained differently (standing position, posteroanterior projection). (B) Off-domain performance may be limited following collaborative training, i.e., federated learning.