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. 2023 Dec 19;9:465. doi: 10.1038/s41420-023-01766-7

Fig. 1. Host immune response in sepsis.

Fig. 1

Activation of both proinflammatory and anti‐inflammatory immune responses occurs promptly after sepsis onset. The host response to severe sepsis can have four different clinical trajectories: (1) early MOF leading to death, (2) rapid recovery, (3) late deaths, or (4) late sequelae or long-term deaths. SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; CARS compensatory anti‐inflammatory response syndrome, MOF multi-organ failure, NETs Neutrophil extracellular traps, MDSCs Myeloid-derived suppressor cells, ICU intensive care unit, PICS persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome.