Table 1.

Classification, use and application of essential oils.

Essential oil	Common name or common origin	Effects	Disease	Application	Ruminant type	Reference
Allium stavium	Garlic	antimicrobial, anti- parasitic	neonatal diarrhea, internal parasites	feed additive	Bovine, sheep	Campolina et al. (2021); Mashamha et al. (2010)
Artemisia afra	African wormwood	anti-parasitic	internal parasites, nematodes	oral drench	Sheep	Molefe et al. (2012)
Azadirachta indica	Neem oil	acaricidal	parasite infection	external	Bovine	Ellse and Wall (2014); Fang et al. (2016); Macchioni et al. (2006); Pasay et al. (2010); Seddiek et al. (2013); Shang et al. (2013); Shang et al. (2016); Wall (2011)
Capsaicin	Chili Peppers	milk production, rumen function, heat stress		feed additive	Bovine, sheep	Abulaiti et al. (2021); McCarty et al. (2015); Cunha et al. (2020); Rodríguez-Prado et al. (2012)
Capsicum oleoresin	Chili Peppers	milk production, rumen function, methane reduction, heat stress		feed additive	Bovine	Cardozo et al. (2006); Fandiño et al. (2006); Fandiño et al. (2008); Oh et al. (2017); Rodríguez-Prado et al. (2012)
Carvacrol	Thyme, oregano	antimicrobial, fungicidal, milk production, rumen function, methane reduction	mastitis, BRD, Salmonella foodborne illness	feed additive, external, fumigation	Bovine, poultry, swine, humans	Calo et al. (2015); Cirino et al. (2014); Danning et al. (2020); Grzesiak et al. (2018); Gupta et al. (2020); Kissels et al. (2017); de Silva et al. (2020)
Cinnamaldehyde	Cinnamon	antimicrobial, milk production, rumen function, methane reduction, heat stress	mastitis, Salmonella foodborne illness	feed additive, external	Bovine, poultry, swine, humans	Baskaran et al. (2009); Calo et al. (2015); Danning et al. (2020); Dal Pozzo et al. (2012); Reza-Yazdi et al. (2014)
Cinnamomum zeylanicum	Cinnamon	bacteriostatic, bactericidal, antimicrobial, rumen function	mastitis	feed additive, external	Bovine	Ornaghi et al. (2017); Dal Pozzo et al. (2012)
Citral	Citrus fruit peel	antimicrobial, rumen function	mastitis	feed additive, external	Bovine	Gupta et al. (2020)
Citrus aurantium	Bitter orange	anti-parasitic	mosquitoes, ticks	external	Bovine	Pazinato et al. (2016)
Coriandrum sativum	Coriander	rumen function, methane reduction, heat stress		feed additive	Bovine	Belanche et al. (2020); Guash et al. (2016); Reza- Yazdi et al. (2014); Rossi et al. (2022)
Cedrus atlantica	Cedar	anti-parasitic	cattle tick, insecticidal	external	Bovine	Pazinato et al. (2016)
Cymbopogon citratus	Lemongrass	anti-parasitic	cattle tick	external	Bovine	Pazinato et al. (2016)
Cymbopogon martini	Palmarosa	anti-parasitic	cattle tick	external	Bovine	Pazinato et al. (2016)
Eugenol	Clove oil, cinnamon	antimicrobial, milk production, rumen function, methane reduction, heat stress	mastitis, hypocalcemia	feed additive, external, fumigation	Bovine	Belanche et al. (2020); Danning et al. (2020); Ornaghi et al. (2017); Dal Pozzo et al. (2012); Reza-Yazdi et al. (2014); Rossi et al. (2022); Al-Suwaiegh et al. (2020); de Silva et al. (2020); de Souza et al. (2019)
Fennel	Fennel plant	antimicrobial	BRD	intra-nasal (BRD), feed additive	Bovine	Amat et al. (2019)
Gardenia sp.	Gardenia	anti-parasitic	internal parasites	oral drench	Sheep	Chitura et al. (2019)
Geranyl acetate	Ceylon citronella, palmarosa, lemon grass	rumen function, methane reduction, heat stress		feed additive	Bovine	Belanche et al. (2020); Guash et al. (2016); Reza- Yazdi et al. (2014); Rossi et al. (2022)
Juniperus communis	Juniper	milk production, anti- parasitic	cattle tick	feed additive	Bovine	Pazinato et al. (2016)
Lavandula angustifolia	Lavender	antimicrobial, acaricidal	mastitis	mammary infusion, external	Bovine	Abboud et al. (2015); Ellse and Wall (2014); Fang et al. (2016); Laabouri et al. (2017); Macchioni et al. (2006); Seddiek et al. (2013); Shang et al. (2013); Shang et al. (2016); Pasay et al. (2010); Wall (2011)
Melaleuca alternifolia	Tea tree oil	acaricidal	parasite infection	external	Bovine	Ellse and Wall (2014); Fang et al. (2016); Macchioni et al. (2006); Pasay et al. (2010); Seddiek et al. (2013); Shang et al. (2013); Shang et al. (2016); Wall (2011)
Menthol	Mint	milk production, heat stress, anti-parasitic	hypocalcemia, internal parasites	feed additive	Bovine, Sheep	Braun et al. (2019); Molefe et al. (2012); Reza-Yazdi et al. (2014)
Pelargonium graveolens	Sweet scented geranium	anti-parasitic	ticks	external	Bovine	Jaenson et al. (2006); Maske et al. (1996); Pazinato et al. (2016); Slathia et al. (2007); Weldon et al. (2011)
Pimpimella anisum	Anise	antimicrobial, milk production	neonatal diarrhea, hypocalcemia	feed additive	Bovine	Campolina et al. (2021)
Salvia rosmarinus	Rosemary	antimicrobial, rumen function	neonatal diarrhea	feed additive	Bovine	Campolina et al. (2021); de Souza et al. (2019)
Senecio barbertonicus	Succulent Bush Senecio	anti-parasitic	internal parasites	oral drench	Sheep	Chitura et al. (2019)
Sonchus congestus		anti-parasitic	internal parasites	oral drench	Sheep	Chitura et al. (2019)
Thymol	Thyme, ajowan	antimicrobial, rumen function, methane reduction	mastitis, BRD	intra-nasal (BRD), external (mastitis), feed additive	Bovine	Cirino et al. (2014); Danning et al. (2020); Gupta et al. (2020); Kissels et al. (2017); de Souza et al. (2019)
Thymus vulgaris	Thyme	antimicrobial, rumen function, methane reduction	mastitis	mammary infusion, external	Bovine	Abboud et al. (2015)
Zingiber officinale	Ginger	anti-parasitic, bactericidal	mosquitoes, mites	external	Bovine	Hanifah et al. (2012); Nerio et al. (2010); Pazinato et al. (2016); Al-Suwaiegh et al. (2020); Silva et al. (2007); Silva et al. (2009)

BRD = bovine respiratory disease.