Table 2.
Adverse effect of antiretroviral therapy regimens drugs on organ/tissues of patients.
| Adverse Reactions | Common antiretroviral therapy regimens drugs | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) | Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) | Protease inhibitors (PIs) | Integrase Inhibitor (INIs) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | ABC: Some cohort studies have been associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction, with the absolute risk being greatest in patients with traditional cardiovascular risk factors | — | DRV and LPV/r: Some cohort studies have shown an association with cardiovascular events | — |
| Cardiac conduction disorder | — | RPV, EFV: Prolonged cardiac QT interval | ATV/r, LPV/r: Prolonged cardiac PR interval | — |
| Hepatotoxicity | AZT: Hepatic steatosis | EFV and NVP: Not recommended for patients with liver insufficiency | All PIs drugs: Drug-induced hepatitis and hepatic decompensation have been reported | BIC/FTC/TAF and EVG/C/TAF/FTC are not recommended for patients with severe liver function damage |
| Nephrotoxicity / urolithiasis | TDF: Elevated serum creatinine, proteinuria, hypophosphatemia, urinary phosphate loss, diabetes, hypokalemia and non-anionic interstitial metabolic acidosis. | RPV: Inhibit urinary creatinine secretion but does not decrease glomerular function | ATV, LPV/r: Large cohort studies have shown an increased risk of chronic kidney disease | BIC/FTC/TAF and EVG/C/TAF/FTC are Inhibit urinary creatinine secretion without reducing glomerular function; For patients with CrCI estimates <30 mL/min, should not be used |
| Hypersensitivity reaction | ABC:It is forbidden for HLA-B*5701 positive patients. If ABC allergic reaction is suspected, no matter HLA-B*5701 status, should stop using | NVP: Women are at higher risk than men | — | RAL:Allergic reactions have been reported with RAL in combination with other drugs known to cause allergic reactions; DTG: It is reported in <1% of patients in clinical development projects |
| Myelosuppression | AZT: Anemia, neutropenia | — | — | — |
| Allergic reaction | — | NVP > EFV, ETR, RPV: Steven-Johnson syndrome | DRV,ATV/r,LPV/r | RAL: Steven-Johnson syndrome |
| Myopathy/ Elevated creatine phosphokinase | AZT: Myopathy | — | — | RAL and DTG: Creatine phosphokinase is elevated, and rhabdomyolysis and myopathy or myositis have been reported. |
| Bone density (BMD) | TDF: BMD loss was more serious than other NRTIs, and it was more significant when combined with synergist. Osteomalacia may be associated with renal tubulopathy and urinary phosphate loss | — | — | — |
Abbreviation of antiretroviral therapy regimen:nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors(NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors(NNRTIs), protease inhibitors(PIs), integrase strand transfer inhibitors(INSTIs), Abacavir (ABC), Darunavir, (DRV), Lopinave/litonawe (LPV/r), Rilpivrine (RPV), Efavirenz (EFV), Atazanavir (ATV/r), Biketarvy(BIC/FTC/TAF), Genvoya (EVG/C/TAF/FTC), Zidovudine (AZT), Nevirapine (NVP), Dolutegravir (DTG), Bictegravir (BIC), Raltegravir (RAL), Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF).