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. 2023 Nov 28;9(12):e22988. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22988

Table 1.

Soil properties of different coffee cropping systems and adjacent forest in northern Thailand.

Study site
Soil properties
pH EC (μS cm−1) TC (g kg−1) C/N
0–20 cm
F* 5.77 b 41.70 b 24.8 b 12.96 a
C 5.83 b 54.23 b 18.4 b 11.18 ab
FC 6.05 a 103.60 a 33.9 a 12.34 ab
CH 5.69 b 45.13 b 17.6 b 10.39 b
20–40 cm
F 5.69 b 23.60 b 14.70 a 11.14 b
C 5.92 ab 50.07 a 13.63 a 14.33 a
FC 6.23 a 58.47 a 14.77 a 11.39 b
CH 5.67 b 46.87 a 10.74 b 9.52 b

*F: mixed deciduous forest, C: coffee monoculture, FC: coffee agroforestry, CH: coffee associated with persimmon Mean and different letters within a row of values indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05).