Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants according to the quartiles of muscle strength
|
|
Q1
|
Q2
|
Q3
|
Q4
|
P for trend
|
| N (unweighted) | 4305 | 4347 | 4397 | 4300 | |
| Age (yr) | 55.9 ± 0.4 | 49.2 ± 0.4 | 44.6 ± 0.3 | 39.9 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
| Sex (men) | 45.2 (1.0) | 45.9 (0.9) | 46.2 (0.9) | 48.0 (0.9) | 0.172 |
| Current smoker | 13.6 (0.7) | 16.6 (0.7) | 17.7 (0.7) | 20.3 (0.8) | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity | 38.5 (1.0) | 46.4 (1.0) | 51.1 (0.9) | 53.1 (0.9) | < 0.001 |
| Income (lowest quartile) | 28.8 (1.0) | 16.5 (0.7) | 10.7 (0.6) | 8.0 (0.5) | < 0.001 |
| Education (≤ 12 yr) | 45.4 (1.2) | 28.1 (0.9) | 16.9 (0.7) | 8.5 (0.5) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.0 ± 0.1 | 24.7 ± 0.1 | 23.5 ± 0.1 | 21.8 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 88.0 ± 0.2 | 84.0 ± 0.2 | 80.5 ± 0.2 | 76.3 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 21.8 ± 0.2 | 27.8 ± 0.2 | 31.2 ± 0.2 | 35.6 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
| Muscle strength (handgrip strength/body mass index) | 0.8 ± 0.01 | 1.1 ± 0.01 | 1.3 ± 0.01 | 1.6 ± 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 122.7 ± 0.4 | 118.2 ± 0.3 | 115.2 ± 0.3 | 112.1 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.3 ± 0.2 | 75.8 ± 0.2 | 75.2 ± 0.2 | 74.2 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
| AST (IU/L) | 24.5 ± 0.2 | 23.1 ± 0.2 | 21.5 ± 0.2 | 20.2 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 26.0 ± 0.5 | 24.2 ± 0.4 | 21.0 ± 0.3 | 18.4 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 191.4 ± 0.7 | 194.3 ± 0.7 | 194.1 ± 0.6 | 188.8 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 47.4 ± 0.2 | 49.9 ± 0.2 | 51.6 ± 0.2 | 54.0 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 115.0 ± 0.7 | 116.9 ± 0.6 | 116.5 ± 0.6 | 112.3 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 145.6 ± 2.0 | 137.5 ± 2.0 | 130.1 ± 1.9 | 112.5 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 106.1 ± 0.5 | 100.8 ± 0.4 | 97.6 ± 0.4 | 93.8 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.9 ± 0.02 | 5.7 ± 0.01 | 5.6 ± 0.01 | 5.4 ± 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 1.7 ± 0.04 | 1.2 ± 0.04 | 1.1 ± 0.03 | 0.8 ± 0.03 | < 0.001 |
| Obesity | 56.7 (0.9) | 44.0 (1.0) | 28.7 (0.8) | 11.6 (0.6) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 45.4 (1.0) | 30.5 (0.8) | 21.5 (0.7) | 12.4 (0.6) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 22.5 (0.7) | 13.1 (0.6) | 7.8 (0.4) | 3.9 (0.3) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 31.8 (0.9) | 28.1 (0.9) | 21.2 (0.7) | 14.1 (0.6) | < 0.001 |
Data are presented as mean ± SE or percentage (SE). Q: Quartile; BMI: Body mass index; BP: Blood pressure; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein.