Table 1.
Individual, household, and cluster level results of total sample (N = 224,214 children under-5).
| Number or median | Percentage or interquartile range | |
|---|---|---|
| Child variables | ||
| Age of child (months) | 30 | (14–45) |
| Female (vs. male) | 108,393 | 48·34% |
| Weight of child at birth (kg) | 2·9 | (2·5–3·0) |
| Weight of child currently (kg) | 10·8 | (8·4–13·1) |
| Outcome variable | ||
| Respiratory Infection/Illness | 7485 | 3·34% |
| Cluster level variables | ||
| Annual PM2·5 Levels (μg/m3) | 62·655 | (45·01–89·87) |
| Region of country | ||
| North | 41,775 | 18·63% |
| Central | 57,460 | 25·63% |
| East | 43,271 | 19·3% |
| Northeast | 33,199 | 14·81% |
| West | 19,951 | 8·9% |
| South | 28,562 | 12·74% |
| Urban designation (vs. rural) | 45,884 | 20·46% |
| Household variables | ||
| Cooking fuel toxicity | ||
| Moderate to high toxicity | 116,928 | 52·15% |
| Non-toxic or Low-toxicity | 96,427 | 43·01% |
| Other | 10,863 | 4·84% |
| Health insurance coverage for ≥1 household member (vs. no/don't know) | 87,834 | 39·17% |
| High quality housing material (vs. low quality) | 99,331 | 44·3% |
| Household has a separate room as a kitchen, yes (vs. no) | 115,776 | 66·65% |
| Mother has not completed primary schooling (vs. has completed primary schooling) | 77,256 | 34·46% |
| Number of people living in household | 6 | (4–7) |
| Sanitation or toilet facilities | ||
| Improved sanitation | 166,068 | 75·06% |
| Open defecation | 48,985 | 22·14% |
| Unimproved sanitation | 6183 | 2·79% |
| Smoking of tobacco in house: yes (vs. no) | 114,461 | 51·05% |
| Water source: piped into house (vs. not piped into house) | 66,346 | 29·59% |
| Wealth index poor (vs. not poor) | 112,406 | 50·13% |
Children under-5: children younger than 5 years.
Respiratory Infection/Illness: Demographic Health Survey (DHS), has child suffered from cough AND fever AND short rapid breaths/difficulty breathing in last two weeks (yes vs. no)?
Cooking fuel toxicity: electricity, liquid petroleum gas, natural gas, and biogas are classified as non-toxic or low-toxicity, all else is moderate to highly toxic.
High quality housing material includes fabricated material, such as ceramic tiles, brick, cement, polished stone, marble, etc. All else is low quality.
Sanitation/toilet facilities: As classified by DHS, improved is flush toilet or modified pit latrine, unimproved is open pit latrine or bucket, open is non toilet facility/location.
Urban designation: As classified by DHS, including large cities, small cities, and towns (other urban areas); all else rural.
Wealth Index: Composite measure of household's cumulative living standard, divided in quintiles by DHS, and dichotomized into poor (bottom two quintiles) vs. not poor.