Table 2.

Available randomized trials evaluating prehabilitation.

Paper	Study design	Sample Size	Type of Surgery	Intervention	Main Results
Arthur et al. (74)	RCT	246	CABG	Multimodal prehabilitation before planned cardiac surgery. Outpatient setting	Reduction of postoperative ICU LOS (by 2.1 h, 95% CI -1.2–16 h, p = 0.001) and Hospital LOS (by 1 day, 95% CI 0–1, p = 0.002). Better preoperative and postoperative quality of life. No differences in mortality.
Herdy et al. (75)	RCT	56	CABG	Multimodal Prehabilitation before planned cardiac surgery. Hospitalized patients.	Shorter duration of mechanical ventilation. Reduction of pleural effusion (RR = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.5–0.8), atelectasis (RR = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.03–0.8), and AF (RR = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.05–0.8). Reduction of in-hospital LOS (5.9 ±/−1.1 vs. 10.3 ±/−4.6 days, p < 0.001).
Rosenfeldt et al. (76)	RCT	117	CABG, valve surgery	Multimodal Prehabilitation before planned cardiac surgery. Outpatients setting	No differences in quality of life, LOS and Atrial Fibrillation.

RCT, Randomized Clinical Trial; CABG, Coronary Artery Bypass Graft; ICU, Intensive Care Unit; LOS, Length of Stay; CI, Confidence Interval; AF, Atrial Fibrillation; RR, Relative Risk.