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. 2023 Dec 19;330(23):2275–2284. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.22295

Figure 2. Examples of Model Predictions and Explanations for Standard and Systematically Biased AI Models for Patients.

Figure 2.

Patient 1 is an 81-year-old male with respiratory failure from heart failure. A, The standard AI model correctly diagnosed heart failure as the cause of acute respiratory failure and provided an explanation highlighting areas in the chest radiograph used to make the prediction. B, The systematically biased AI model incorrectly diagnosed pneumonia as the cause of acute respiratory failure due to the patient’s age and provided an explanation highlighting irrelevant features in the chest radiograph. Standard-model predictions for heart failure (the correct diagnosis) are also provided.

Patient 2 is an 88-year-old female with respiratory failure from COPD. C, The standard AI model incorrectly diagnosed pneumonia and correctly diagnosed COPD as the cause of respiratory failure and provided reasonable explanations. D, The biased AI model incorrectly diagnosed pneumonia as the cause of respiratory failure due to patient age and provided an explanation highlighting irrelevant features in the chest radiograph. Standard-model predictions for COPD (the correct diagnosis) are also provided.