Table 3.

Causes of workplace bullying.

1st Author[ref]	Year	Causes of Workplace Bullying
		Social system	Organizational
Balducci et al. [21]	2020	..	Poor Working Conditions
Balducci et al. [24]	2015	..	Job Demands (Workload and Role Conflict) and Job Resources (Decision Authority, Co-Worker Support and Salary/Promotion Prospects)
Buselli et al. [28]	2006	Personality of the Bullying (Opportunistic, Authoritarian, Perverse), Manager Unfit; Incompatibility of Interpersonal Relations; Precarious Worker’s Health Conditions; Misunderstandings with the Union	Company Restructuring/Changes at the Top; Non-Agreement on Company Procedures or Strategies;
Caputo et al. [30]	2018	Unjust Accusations, Emotional Abuse	Organizational Constraints, Treatment Discrimination, Job Duty Changes, Precariousness, Lack of Recognition, Feeling of Exclusion and Job Disengagement
Finstad et al. [38]	2019	..	Workload, Lack of Control, Lack of Support
Giorgi et al. [39]	2011	Gossip And Rumors, Being Ignored/Excluded, Hints to Quit, Repeated Reminders of Errors or Mistakes (Private > Public)	Unmanageable Workload (Public > Private)
Spagnoli et al. [57]	2017	..	Workload, Psychological Strain, Organizational Change
Spagnoli et al. [58]	2017	..	High Workload