Table 2.

Comparison of Racial and Ethnic Groups by Socioeconomic Status

	White			African American			Hispanic
	Upper SES (n = 145)	Lower SES (n = 17)	p	Upper SES (n = 40)	Lower SES (n = 25)	p	Upper SES (n = 51)	Lower SES (n = 96)	p
Age, y	69.4 (9.4)	66.8 (10.1)	0.285	68.4 (9.8)	70.8 (13.2)	0.442	68.6 (8.2)	68.8 (10.1)	0.921
Education, y	16.8 (2.4)	13.1 (2.2)	<0.001	15.2 (2.2)	11.6 (3.3)	<0.001	15.9 (2.7)	9.6 (3.7)	<0.001
Sex, % Female	53.1	35.3	0.257	77.5	68.0	0.577	72.6	80.2	0.394
Total medical history	6.2 (2.9)	5.9 (3.2)	0.711	5.9 (3.3)	5.3 (3.3)	0.532	4.8 (2.7)	5.0 (3.0)	0.628
Self-rated physical health	1.9 (0.7)	2.2 (0.7)	0.174	2.0 (0.7)	2.3 (0.8)	0.186	2.1 (0.7)	2.4 (0.8)	0.004
Self-rated mental health	1.9 (0.7)	2.2 (0.6)	0.135	1.9 (0.7)	2.2 (0.7)	0.096	2.1 (0.6)	2.3 (0.8)	0.173
mPPT	12.5 (2.4)	11.8 (2.6)	0.271	11.1 (3.5)	9.5 (4.0)	0.116	12.7 (2.2)	11.8 (2.4)	0.038
mCAIDE	6.2 (4.0)	9.5 (3.8)	0.002	7.2 (3.4)	8.9 (4.0)	0.086	6.5 (3.6)	8.6 (3.6)	0.002
MoCA	24.7 (4.4)	23.8 (3.4)	0.419	22.3 (6.3)	19.8 (5.4)	0.091	22.8 (5.0)	20.8 (5.2)	0.025
AD8	1.5 (1.7)	1.9 (2.6)	0.414	1.4 (1.7)	2.1 (2.3)	0.222	1.8 (1.9)	2.4 (2.1)	0.089
HADS-Anxiety	4.8 (3.2)	5.6 (4.6)	0.329	4.9 (3.5)	5.8 (2.5)	0.254	5.3 (3.3)	6.1 (4.4)	0.236
HADS-Depression	4.7 (3.6)	5.5 (5.1)	0.409	4.9 (3.4)	5.5 (3.5)	0.480	6.3 (3.8)	8.0 (6.0)	0.033

Mean (SD) or %. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Tukey honestly significant tests were used to analyze continuous variables. Chi-square tests with post-hoc Benjamini-Hochberg correction were used for categorical variables.

Bold indicates significant p-values.

SES, socioeconomic status; mPPT, mini-Physical Performance Test; mCAIDE, modified Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment.