Table 3.
Comparison Across Three Clusters for Co-Morbid Medical Conditions
| Variable | Cluster 1 (n = 108) |
Cluster 2 (n = 137) |
Cluster 3 (n = 129) |
ANOVA |
Post-hoc comparison p |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Older age, Low SES | Younger age, Midlevel SES | Older age, High SES | p | 1 versus 2 | 1 versus 3 | 2 versus 3 | |
| Age, y | 73.3 (8.9) | 62.5 (8.6) | 72.2 (7.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.944 | <0.001 |
| Hollingshead SES | 49.9 (19.1) | 37.0 (18.1) | 26.1 (10.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Education, y | 10.6 (4.1) | 14.5 (3.6) | 16.7 (2.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Sex, % Female | 71.3 | 65.0 | 61.2 | 0.267 | 0.507 | 0.391 | 0.524 |
| Total medical co-morbidities | 6.2 (2.7) | 3.1 (1.6) | 7.8 (2.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| mCAIDE | 9.4 (3.4) | 5.4 (3.7) | 7.6 (3.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Self-reported physical health | 2.6 (0.7) | 1.9 (0.6) | 2.0 (0.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.189 |
| Self-reported mental health | 2.7 (0.7) | 1.8 (0.6) | 1.8 (0.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.818 |
| HADS-Anxiety | 7.8 (4.3) | 4.3 (3.0) | 4.6 (2.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.709 |
| HADS-Depression | 9.9 (5.1) | 4.0 (3.0) | 4.5 (3.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.599 |
| MoCA | 20.4 (5.0) | 23.3 (5.4) | 24.3 (4.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.290 |
| AD8 | 3.1 (2.1) | 1.2 (1.6) | 1.5 (1.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.448 |
| Mini Cog | 2.5 (1.2) | 2.7 (1.3) | 3.0 (1.2) | 0.024 | 0.450 | 0.018 | 0.208 |
| Animal Naming | 14.3 (4.8) | 18.6 (6.9) | 17.5 (6.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.435 |
| Trailmaking A, s | 60.3 (39.2) | 45.6 (33.9) | 39.8 (23.1) | 0.001 | 0.013 | <0.001 | 0.414 |
| mPPT | 10.3 (3.0) | 13.1 (2.1) | 12.0 (2.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Mean grip strength, kg | 45.9 (17.4) | 63.3 (27.0) | 57.4 (24.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.006 | 0.222 |
| Metabolic age | 64.3 (20.9) | 54.2 (20.6) | 60.5 (20.1) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.362 | 0.043 |
| Muscle mass, kg | 95.8 (19.6) | 102.5 (25.5) | 104.6 (21.3) | 0.014 | 0.073 | 0.012 | 0.733 |
| Mean arterial pressure | 119.3 (17.1) | 114.6 (14.3) | 118.2 (14.2) | 0.103 | |||
| Diabetes, % | 19.8 | 7.3 | 17.2 | 0.013 | 0.019 | 0.735 | 0.034 |
| Hypertension, % | 67.9 | 23.7 | 56.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.083 | <0.001 |
Mean (SD) or %. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Tukey honestly significant tests were used to analyze continuous variables. Chi-square tests with post-hoc Benjamini-Hochberg correction were used for categorical variables.
Bold indicates significant p-values.
SES, socioeconomic status; mCAIDE, modified Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; mPPT, mini-Physical Performance Test; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment.