Table 4.
Comparison of medical history by racial/ethnic groups in cluster 1 (Older age, Low SES)
| Variable | White (n = 23) |
African American (n = 17) |
Hispanic (n = 68) |
ANOVA p |
Post-hoc comparison p |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| W versus AA | W versus H | H versus AA | |||||
| Age, y | 72.6 (7.6) | 77.1 (8.0) | 72.7 (8.0) | 0.171 | |||
| Hollingshead SES | 35.8 (15.3) | 51.8 (15.8) | 54.1 (17.2) | <0.001 | 0.016 | <0.001 | 0.882 |
| Education, y | 14.1 (2.2) | 10.9 (3.0) | 9.4 (3.6) | <0.001 | 0.105 | <0.001 | 0.021 |
| Sex, % Female | 43.5 | 58.8 | 83.8 | <0.001 | 0.523 | 0.002 | 0.063 |
| Total medical co-morbidities | 7.3 (2.9) | 5.7 (1.7) | 5.9 (2.6) | 0.085 | |||
| mCAIDE | 9.0 (4.0) | 10.6 (2.8) | 9.3 (3.2) | 0.313 | |||
| Self-reported physical health | 2.5 (0.6) | 2.5 (0.7) | 2.7 (0.8) | 0.526 | |||
| Self-reported mental health | 2.9 (0.4) | 2.8 (0.6) | 2.6 (0.7) | 0.143 | |||
| HADS-Anxiety | 9.1 (4.3) | 7.2 (3.2) | 7.4 (4.6) | 0.249 | |||
| HADS-Depression | 10.7 (2.8) | 7.0 (3.6) | 10.4 (5.7) | 0.033 | 0.059 | 0.976 | 0.034 |
| MoCA | 23.0 (5.1) | 19.2 (5.0) | 19.8 (5.0) | 0.018 | 0.045 | 0.023 | 0.882 |
| AD8 | 3.1 (1.7) | 3.1 (2.2) | 3.1 (2.0) | 0.998 | |||
| Mini Cog | 2.7 (1.2) | 2.2 (1.4) | 2.5 (1.2) | 0.462 | |||
| Animal Naming | 16.5 (4.6) | 13.6 (4.9) | 13.7 (4.7) | 0.072 | |||
| Trailmaking A, s | 47.6 (24.8) | 81.9 (58.1) | 55.1 (28.9) | 0.038 | 0.056 | 0.824 | 0.066 |
| mPPT | 11.1 (2.8) | 8.0 (3.5) | 10.7 (2.6) | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.813 | 0.002 |
| Mean grip strength, kg | 48.4 (19.2) | 54.4 (19.9) | 42.9 (15.5) | 0.104 | |||
| Metabolic age | 59.4 (17.5) | 70.1 (22.7) | 64.6 (21.4) | 0.347 | |||
| Muscle mass, kg | 106.5 (24.0) | 103.5 (22.8) | 90.9 (15.5) | 0.002 | 0.892 | 0.004 | 0.072 |
| Mean arterial pressure | 118.1 (19.3) | 120.1 (15.4) | 119.7 (16.8) | 0.926 | |||
| Diabetes, % | 8.7 | 29.4 | 21.2 | 0.243 | |||
| Hypertension, % | 52.2 | 76.5 | 71.2 | 0.213 | |||
Cluster 1 composition: 14.2% White (W), 26.1% African American (AA), 46.3% Hispanic (H). Mean (SD) or %. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Tukey honestly significant tests were used to analyze continuous variables. Chi-square tests with post-hoc Benjamini-Hochberg correction were used for categorical variables.
Bold indicates significant p-values.
SES, socioeconomic status; mCAIDE, modified Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; mPPT, mini-Physical Performance Test; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment.