| Mycotoxins |
Aflatoxin |
Aspergillus
flavus and A. parasiticus
|
Liver failure,
cirrhosis |
(16) |
| Lysergic acid (ergot alkaloids) |
Claviceps purpurea |
Ergotism,
vasoconstriction, uterine contraction |
(17) |
| Fumonisins B1 and B2 |
Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium
proliferatum
|
disruption of sphingolipid metabolism,
leuko-encephalomalacia |
(18) |
| Ochratoxin A |
Aspergillus and Penicillium |
Carcinogenic, immunotoxic mutagenic, nephrotoxic, and teratogenic |
(19) |
| Patulin |
Aspergillus, Byssochlamysand Penicillium
|
Teratogenic, carcinogenic and
mutagenic |
(20) |
| Zearalenone |
Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. crookwellense, F. poae, F. semitectum, and F. equiseti
|
Hepatotoxicity,
immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity |
(21) |
| Tentoxin |
Alternaria |
Genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic |
(22) |
| Bacterial toxins |
Cholera toxins |
Vibrio cholerae |
diarrhea |
(23) |
| Enterotoxins |
Staphylococcus epidermidis |
Toxic shock syndrome |
(24) |
| Shiga toxins |
Escherichia coli |
Gastrointestinal complications |
(25) |
| Botulinum toxins |
Clostridium botulinum |
Neurotoxic |
(26) |
| Cereulide |
Bacillus cereus |
Dysfunction of liver,
pancreatic islet, intestines, brain, |
(27) |
| Marine biotoxins |
Saxitoxin |
Cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates |
Neurotoxin, paralysis |
(28) |
| domoic acid |
Diatoms |
Neurotoxin |
(29) |
| Azaspiracid |
Azadiniumpoporum |
Diarrheic shellfish poisoning |
(30) |
| Brevetoxin |
Karenia brevis |
Immunotoxicity |
(31) |
| okadaic acid |
Halichondriamelanodocia and Halichondriaokadai
|
Diarrhea, nausea |
(32) |
| Plant-based toxins |
Cyanogenic glycosides |
Almonds, cassava, pome fruit, stone fruit |
Tissue
damage |
(33) |
| Furocoumarins |
Citrus fruits |
Skin cancer |
(34) |
| Ptaquiloside |
Bracken ferns |
Carciogenic |
(35) |
| Dehydropyrrolizidine |
Cyanoglossum, Senecio, Echium, Crotalaria, Heliotropium, Symphytum, Trichodesma
|
Carcinogenic |
(36) |
