| Enterotoxin |
Commercial |
LC–HRMS |
LC–MS Q-extractive mass
spectrophotometer C18 reverse phase column; isocratic elution |
93 signature peptides identified for enterotoxins |
(182) |
| Botulinum |
Commercial |
Endopep MS |
Triple quadrupole mass spectrometer; Turbo Ion Spray interface;
C18 column; gradient elution |
Toxin detection 0.1 MLD50 and quantification 0.62
MLD50
|
(183) |
| Okadaic acid |
Raw and cooked food (Mussel, clam, flatfish) |
Tandem mass spectrometry |
C18 column with triple-quadruple
mass spectrometer; ammonium
format gradient elution; negative ionization mode |
LOD
and accuracy 0.2–5.1 μg/k |
(184) |
| Dinophysistoxin |
Raw and cooked
food (Mussel, clam, flatfish) |
Tandem mass spectrometry |
C18 column with triple-quadruple mass spectrometer; ammonium
format gradient elution; negative ionization mode |
LOD
and accuracy 0.2–5.1 μg/k |
(184) |
| Anatoxins a (ATX) and Homoanatoxin-a (HAT) |
Benthic-cyanobacterial-mat field samples |
LC–HRMS/MS |
Q Exactive HF Orbitrap MS; HESI-II
electrospray ionization source; at 40 °C; resolution 60,000;
collision energy 20 eV |
Toxins are in conjugated form
15% ATX and 38% HAT |
(185) |
| Cyanotoxins |
Blue-green algae dietary supplement |
Hydrophilic
Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry |
Electrospray ionization positive; source temperature 550 °C;
ion spray voltage 5500 V; curtain gas 25 psi; collision gas 10 psi |
Quantification limits 60–300 μg kg–1
|
(186) |
| Paralytic shellfish toxins |
Marine shellfish |
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem
mass spectrometry |
Separation with HILIC-Z column;
acetonitrile and ammonium formate-formic acid as the mobile phase;
positive electrospray ionization; samples are cleaned with by ion-pair
SPE using a porous graphitic carbon cartridge |
Limits
of detection 1.7–13.7 μg kg–1; and
quantitation 5.2–41.0 μg kg–1; recoveries
76.5–95.5% |
(187) |
| Tetrodotoxin |
Marine shellfish |
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem
mass spectrometry |
Separation with HILIC-Z column;
acetonitrile and ammonium formate-formic acid as the mobile phase;
positive electrospray ionization; samples are cleaned with by ion-pair
SPE using a porous graphitic carbon cartridge |
Limits
of detection 1.7–13.7 μg kg–1; and
quantitation 5.2–41.0 μg kg–1; recoveries
76.5–95.5% |
|
