Table 3.

Differential characteristics of centralized and hospital-based ambulance systems

	Centralized model	Hospital-based model
Characteristics	Independent institute	Manage by hospital emergency department
	Independent workers	Well-experienced doctors and nurses from the hospital
	Flexible, short dispatch, and deliver time	Based on hospital resources, less input from government
	High employee turnover, need frequently training	Less flexible, more delivery time due to long distance
Research issues	Shorter time to intervention on ambulance	Adequate time for intervention on ambulance
	Stable recruitment	Easier to activate sites
	Great research training input	Stable and experienced doctors and nurses