Fig. 1.

Microbial synthesis of different pamamycin derivatives. Pamamycin is biosynthetically synthesized from 4 different CoA thioesters, namely, succinyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, methylmalonyl-CoA, and ethylmalonyl-CoA [38]. The promiscuous use of malonyl-CoA, methylmalonyl-CoA, and ethylmalonyl-CoA during the synthetic process leads to the incorporation of different side chains and the creation of pamamycin derivatives of different molecular weights, typically in the range between 579 and 663 Da