Table 2.
Self-care strategies and study outcome measures by study type
| Author (Year) | Self-care strategy | Outcome measures | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social | Psychological | Religious/Spiritual | Other | ||
| Observational Studies (n = 20) | |||||
| Al-Ajarma (2010) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA |
| Alhaddad et al. (2021) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA |
| Boswall & Akash (2015) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA | |
| Chaaya et al. (2007) | ✓ | GDS-15 | |||
| Darychuk & Jackson (2015) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA | |
| Ferguson (2015) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA |
| International Medical Corps (2017) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA |
| International Medical Corps Lebanon (2011) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA |
|
Irfaeya (2006) Irfaeya et al. (2008) |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA |
| Jamil (2020) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA |
| Kadri (2009) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA | |
| Keshavarzi (2018) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA | |
| Makki Alamdari (2020) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA |
| Nashwan et al. (2019) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA |
| Qureshi (2016) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA |
| Rayes et al. (2021) | ✓ | ✓ | NA | ||
| Renner et al. (2020) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA |
| Sim et al. (2023) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA |
| Tauson (2017) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA |
| Zbidat et al. (2020) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA |
| Intervention Studies (n = 37) | |||||
| Acarturk et al. (2022) | ✓ | ✓ | MINI, GHQ-12, PCL-5, PHQ-9, PSYCHLOPS, WHO- DAS 2.0, WHO-5, EQ-5D-3 L | ||
| Ahmad et al. (2020) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | PCL-5 |
| Aladdin & Hawamdeh (2021) | ✓ | ✓ | SDQ | ||
| Al-Dmour & Al-Safasfeh (2020) * | ✓ |
PTSD scale Satisfaction with Life scale |
|||
| Al-Refai et al. (2022) * | ✓ | ✓ | Psychological Empowerment Scale | ||
| Al-Shahadat (2021) * | ✓ |
Psychological stress scale Self-esteem scale |
|||
| Alsheikh Ali (2020) | ✓ | PCL, PWB | |||
| Blignault et al. (2019) | ✓ | ✓ | K-10+, DASS-21 | ||
| Blignault et al. (2021a) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | DASS-21 | |
| Blignault et al. (2021b) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | K-10+, DASS-21 | |
| Blignault et al. (2022) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | K-10+ | |
|
Bryant et al. (2022a) Bryant et al. (2022b) |
✓ | HSCL-25, PCL-5 | |||
| Cuijpers et al. (2022) | ✓ | PHQ-9, WHODAS-12 2.0, WHO5WBI, GAD-7, PCL-5, PSYCHLOPS | |||
| de Graaff et al. (2020) | ✓ | ✓ | HSCL-25, WHODAS 2.0, PCL-5, PSYCHLOPS | ||
| de Graaff et al. (2023) | ✓ | HSCL-25, WHODAS 2.0, PCL-5, PSYCHLOPS | |||
| DePierro (2020) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ITQ, K-10 | |
| Doumit et al. (2020) | ✓ | ✓ | PHQ-9, GAD-7, PedsQL | ||
| Feen-Calligan et al. (2023) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Self-report from selected participants |
| Gordon et al. (2016) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | HTQ, HSCL-25, WHOQOL-BREF | |
| Hasha et al. (2022) | ✓ | IES-R, GHQ-12 | |||
| Husby et al. (2020) | ✓ | ✓ | WHO-5 | ||
| Ibrahim (2017) | ✓ | ✓ | DTS | ||
| Kayrouz et al. (2015) | ✓ | PHQ-9, GAD-7, K-10 | |||
| Kayrouz et al. (2016) | ✓ | ✓ | PHQ-9, GAD-7, K-10 | ||
| Lindegaard et al. (2020) | ✓ | PHQ-9, IES-R, GAD-7 | |||
| Lindegaard et al. (2021) | ✓ | Self-report from selected participants | |||
| Mercy Corps (2020) * | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | AYMH | |
| Nilsson et al. (2019) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Self-report from selected participants | |
| Panter-Brick et al. (2018) * | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | AYMH, CRIES-8 | |
| Powell et al. (2023) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA |
| Raknes (2020) * | ✓ | WHO5WBI | |||
| Rayes (2017) * | ✓ | ✓ | YEP index | ||
| Röhr et al. (2021) | ✓ | PDS-5, PHQ-9, GAD-7 | |||
| Skarneh & Ghaith (2020) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | HTQ | |
| Slewa-Younan et al. (2020) | ✓ | ✓ | K-10 | ||
| Spaaij et al. (2022) | ✓ | HSCL-25, PCL-5 | |||
| Tashtoush & Khawaldeh (2020) * | ✓ | ✓ | Psychological and social adjustment scale | ||
Translated Arabic versions of the psychometric scales were used
*These scales were developed in Arabic
AYMH, Arab Youth Mental Health; CRIES-8, Child Revised Impact of Events Scale; DASS-21, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale; DTS, Davidson Trauma Scale; EQ-5D-3 L, European Quality of Life 5-Dimensions 3-Level; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder; GHQ-12, General Health Questionnaire; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; HSCL-25, Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25; HTQ, Harvard Trauma Questionnaire; IES-R, Impact of Event Scale-Revised; ITQ, International Trauma Questionnaire; K-10, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale; MINI, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; PCL-5, PTSD Checklist; PDS-5, Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; PedsQL, Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire; PSYCHLOPS, Psychological Outcome Profiles; PWB, Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; WHO-DAS 2.0, WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0; WHO-5/WHO5WBI, World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index; WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument; YEP, Youth Empowerment Program Index