TABLE 5.
Recent developments of nanoemulsions against Mtba
| Lipids and surfactant/ emulsifier | ATD used | Used experimental A/M/CL | Highlights | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phospholipid Phosal 53 medium-chain triglycerides & α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate | Ethambutol, Rifampicin, Isoniazid, and Pyrazinamide | C57BL/6 female mice / Mtb (H37Rv-pSMT1 & H37Rv)/ J77A.1 mouse macrophage | Here, researchers developed phospholipid-based SQ641-NE. It was found to be effective against Mtb in J774A.1 mouse macrophage and significantly reduced the tubercle count by 1.73 log10 CFU in a murine TB model. Additionally, it was found to be bacteriostatic in the lungs. | (145) |
| Oleic acid & Tween 80 | Rifampicin | Sprague–Dawley rats/NA/ NR8383 cell lines | Here, first-, second-, and third-generation nanoemulsions were synthesized. All generations showed better than 95% aerosol output and > 75% inhalation efficiency. The third-generation nanoemulsion demonstrated a lower plasma drug concentration, higher lung drug content, and greater cell internalization capacity. The average size of the nanoemulsions was 40 to 60 nm. | (146) |
| Soybean oil & Tween 80 | BCG | C57BL/6J (B6) mice/ Mycobacterium bovis, Mtb HN878/NA | Here, scientists developed an NE-TB vaccine with a combination of NE adjuvant and Mtb immunodominant antigens (ESAT-6 and Ag85B). This formulation potentially induced mucosal IL-17 T-cell responses. Disease severity was reduced when the NE-TB formulation was delivered with BCG. | (147) |
| Safflower, olive oil & Tween 80, Span 60 | Clofazimine, Artemisone, Decoquinate, Isoniazid | NA/Mtb / HaCaT cell line, J774 macrophage cell line | The purpose of the study was topical drug delivery for cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB). In this experiment, scientists used two different oils for the development of eight different drug-loaded nanoemulsions. INH was used as a positive control. Safflower oil-based nanoemulsions showed higher percentages of inhibition compared to olive oil-based nanoemulsions. | (148) |
| Oleic acid & polysorbate 80(Tween 80) | Rifampicin | NA/ Mtb (H37Rv)/NA | Here, scientists developed the first ophthalmic cationic nanoemulsion against ocular tuberculosis. Chitosan and polymyxin B were used for the surface modification of the RIF-loaded nanoemulsion. The antimicrobial efficacy of Rif was not affected by the high-pressure homogenization method or the surface modification process under in-vitro settings. This finding might be helpful for the treatment of ocular TB, allowing for longer intervals between doses. | (149) |
| Capmul PG8 (CPG8) & Labrasol (LAB) | Rifampicin | Sprague Dawley rats/ Mtb (H37Rv)/NA | The emphasis of this study was increased effectiveness, facilitated intestinal permeability, and GastroPlusTM-based prediction of cationic RIF-NE. GastroPlusTM had a significant impact on globular size, permeability, and nanonization on pharmacokinetic parameters. It was revealed that using this novel formulation will significantly improve therapeutic efficacy. | (150) |
| Capmul PG8 NF, Transcutol-HP and labrasol (LAB), Tween 80 | Rifampicin | Sprague Dawley rats/ Mycobacterium smegmatis (MS- 995, MS- 942), Mtb H37 Rv (ATCC 25618)/ NA | The results showed that transdermal rifampicin could be an alternative to conventional methods for treating both local and systemic TB, as well as other bacterial infections. | (151) |
| Sunflower oil, Span 80, Span 85, Tween 80 | Linezolid | Wistar rats/ Mycobacterium smegmatis/ NA | Here, primary water-in-oil (w/o) nanoemulsions were formulated, followed by water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsions, which were then optimized. The drug-loaded optimized emulsions were tested against Mycobacterium smegmatis to evaluate their antibacterial killing efficiency and potential for dose reduction. The results support the application of these emulsions in treating lymph node TB. | (152) |
| Essential oils (Eugenol, cinnamon leaf oil, and clove essential oil), Tween 20, Tween 80 | Rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and isoniazid | NA/Hospital strains of Mtb/NA | Here, researchers formulated multi-drug-loaded nanoemulsions (o/w) using plant-based essential oils that have antimicrobial properties. They optimized the nanoformulations using a central composite design. The optimized formulations were stable at a 1:5 (oil : surfactant) ratio and showed stability for more than three months. The formulations exhibited high antimicrobial activity against hospital strains of Mtb. The results were promising and suggested the potential of this formulation to combat MDR/XDR-TB forms. However, further in vivo studies are required to assess the toxicity of the formulation. | (153) |
a
NA, not available.