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. 2023 Dec 20;3(12):e0001788. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001788

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© 2023 Du et al

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Fig 1 — A: Multivariable logistic regression model on the association between lineage and pulmonary versus extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) controlling for age and immigration. Estimated odd ratios (ORs) and bars representing 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are shown on the x-axis for lineage 2, 3 and 4, compared to lineage 1 as reference, for each country as well as for all these countries combined. P-values denote evidence of the associations of lineage and pulmonary TB. B: Causal mediation analysis (CMA) on the effect of lineage on pulmonary TB, mediated by drug resistance. Estimated odds ratio (ORs) and bars representing 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are shown on the y-axis for each decomposition effect including NDE: natural direct effect odds ratio; NIE: natural indirect effect odds ratio; and TE: total effect odds ratio for lineage 2, lineage 3, and lineage 4, compared to lineage 1 as reference. All multivariable models adjusted for country, immigration, and age are shown. P-values denote evidence of natural indirect effect of lineage on pulmonary TB mediated through drug resistance. The red horizontal lines indicate the thresholds of the results (ORs) of interest.