Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Sample
| Characteristics | Health ABC, n = 1 186 | CHS, n = 1 413 | Overall, n = 2 599 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 73.4 ± 2.9 | 76.7 ± 4.7 | 75.2 ± 4.3 |
| Male, n (%) | 596 (50.3) | 567 (40.1) | 1 163 (44.8) |
| White, n (%) | 727 (61.3) | 1 351 (95.6) | 2 078 (80.0) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.1 ± 4.6 | 26.4 ± 4.3 | 26.7 ± 4.4 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 135 ± 19 | 132 ± 20 | 134 ± 20 |
| Antihypertensive medication, n (%) | 619 (52.5) | 678 (48.0) | 1 297 (50.0) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 197 (16.6) | 200 (15.2) | 397 (15.9) |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 122 ± 35 | 129 ± 32 | 126 ± 34 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 54 ± 17 | 53 ± 14 | 53 ± 15 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 139 ± 80 | 145 ± 85 | 143 ± 83 |
| Statin use, n (%) | 159 (13.5) | 107 (7.6) | 266 (10.3) |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 118 (10.0) | 106 (7.6) | 224 (8.7) |
| Heavy alcohol use, n (%) | 41 (3.5) | 142 (10.1) | 183 (7.1) |
| Estrogen use (women), n (%) | 142 (12.0) | 151 (10.7) | 293 (11.3) |
| Prevalent CHD, n (%) | 212 (17.9) | 297 (21.0) | 509 (19.6) |
| Prevalent stroke, n (%) | 105 (8.9) | 70 (5.0) | 175 (6.3) |
| Prevalent AF, n (%) | 31 (2.6) | 108 (7.6) | 139 (5.4) |
| Prevalent claudication, n (%) | 56 (4.8) | 40 (2.8) | 96 (3.7) |
| eGFRcys, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 74 ± 18 | 67 ± 16 | 70 ± 18 |
| Urine albumin/creatinine ratio, mg/g | 33 ± 111 | 45 ± 237 | 39 ± 184 |
| FEV1, L | 2.22 ± 0.64 | 2.04 ± 0.63 | 2.12 ± 0.64 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 2.5 ± 3.2 | 4.4 ± 8.5 | 3.6 ± 6.6 |
| GDF-11, ng/mL | 3.28 ± 0.82 | 3.39 ± 0.84 | 3.34 ± 0.83 |
| GDF-8, ng/mL | 6.73 ± 1.97 | 7.55 ± 2.20 | 7.18 ± 2.14 |
| Follistatin, ng/mL | 1.87 ± 0.88 | 1.81 ± 1.00 | 1.83 ± 0.96 |
| FSTL-3, ng/mL | 8.70 ± 2.29 | 9.62 ± 2.74 | 9.21 ± 2.59 |
| Percent predicted LV mass | NA | 112.7 ± 29.9 | NA |
| LV longitudinal strain*, % | NA | 13.1 ± 3.5 | NA |
| LV early-diastolic strain rate*, s−1 | NA | 0.58 ± 0.21 | NA |
| LA longitudinal strain*, % | NA | 37.3 ± 16.6 | NA |
| Mitral e’, cm/s | NA | 2.5 ± 0.9 | NA |
| Mitral E/e’ | NA | 32.6 ± 15.9 | NA |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | NA | 229 ± 360 | NA |
Notes: Bold type: p < .05. *All strain parameters reported as absolute values. AF = atrial fibrillation; BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; CHD = coronary heart disease; GDF = growth differentiation factor; eGFRcys = estimated glomerular filtration rate based on cystatin C; FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FSTL-3 = follistatin-like 3; HDL = high density lipoprotein; LA = left atrial; LDL = low density lipoprotein; LV = left ventricular; NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide.