Table 3.
Cross-Sectional Associations of GDF-11, GDF-8, FST, and FSTL-3 With Cardiac Phenotypes (CHS Only)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β* (95% CI) | p | β* (95% CI) | p | β* (95% CI) | p | β* (95% CI) | p | |
| LVLS | ||||||||
| GDF-11 | 0.58 (−0.77, 1.38) | .436 | 0.68 (−0.67, 1.45) | .32 | 0.49 (−0.91, 1.38) | .57 | 0.59 (−0.85, 1.46) | .47 |
| GDF-8 | 0.43 (−0.67, 1.11) | .494 | 0.58 (−0.52, 1.21) | .29 | 0.52 (−0.63, 1.19) | .4 | 0.52 (−0.62, 1.2) | .39 |
| FST | 0.39 (−0.34, 0.81) | .283 | 0.16 (−0.53, 0.66) | .76 | 0.41 (−0.36, 0.84) | .29 | 0.36 (−0.41, 0.81) | .38 |
| FSTL-3 | −1.37 (−1.81, −0.85) | <.001 | −1.32 (−1.78, −0.76) | <.001 | −0.77 (−1.38, 0.35) | .14 | −0.31 (−1.19, 0.95) | .75 |
| LVDSR | ||||||||
| GDF-11 | 0.06 (−0.13, 0.18) | .631 | 0.08 (−0.12, 0.19) | .479 | 0.1 (−0.11, 0.22) | .38 | 0.12 (−0.09, 0.24) | .25 |
| GDF-8 | 0.04 (−0.11, 0.15) | .704 | 0.06 (−0.09, 0.16) | .465 | 0.05 (−0.11, 0.15) | .66 | 0.05 (−0.11, 0.16) | .64 |
| FST | 0.05 (−0.06, 0.11) | .363 | 0.02 (−0.08, 0.09) | .788 | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.11) | .54 | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.11) | .61 |
| FSTL-3 | −0.17 (−0.24, −0.09) | .001 | −0.14 (−0.21, −0.03) | .024 | −0.05 (−0.16, 0.11) | .61 | 0.05 (−0.14, 0.17) | .74 |
| LARS | ||||||||
| GDF-11 | −2.03 (−4.34, 2.03) | .327 | −1.99 (−4.31, 2.06) | .339 | −2.31 (−4.72, 2) | .28 | −2.01 (−4.57, 2.37) | .39 |
| GDF-8 | 0.91 (−2.28, 3.07) | .681 | 0.91 (−2.29, 3.07) | .682 | 0.51 (−2.62, 2.96) | .87 | 0.65 (−2.57, 3.04) | .81 |
| FST | 0.9 (−1.3, 2.22) | .469 | 1.1 (−1.13, 2.38) | .334 | 0.72 (−1.54, 2.19) | .63 | 0.55 (−1.67, 2.12) | .74 |
| FSTL-3 | −2.17 (−3.8, 0.81) | .115 | −2.11 (−3.83, 1.04) | .15 | 0.99 (−2.39, 3.26) | .67 | 1.76 (−2.26, 4.14) | .42 |
| Medial e’ | ||||||||
| GDF-11 | −0.05 (−0.45, 0.42) | .929 | −0.07 (−0.45, 0.41) | .892 | −0.07 (−0.48, 0.44) | .9 | 0.05 (−0.45, 0.48) | .94 |
| GDF-8 | 0.37 (0.05, 0.58) | 0.037 | 0.34 (−0.05, 0.56) | 0.064 | 0.37 (0.02, 0.59) | 0.05 | 0.38 (0.05, 0.6) | 0.04 |
| FST | −0.24 (−0.38, −0.01) | 0.047 | −0.18 (−0.34, 0.11) | 0.018 | −0.17 (−0.34, 0.13) | 0.24 | −0.17 (−0.34, 0.14) | 0.26 |
| FSTL-3 | −0.46 (−0.64, −0.23) | 0.002 | −0.44 (−0.63, −0.19) | 0.005 | −0.31 (−0.55, 0.12) | 0.12 | 0.04 (−0.41, 0.43) | 0.95 |
| E/e’ | ||||||||
| GDF-11 | −0.23 (−3.26, 3.16) | .965 | 0.07 (−3.16, 3.18) | .994 | −0.68 (−3.58, 3.11) | .85 | −1.11 (−3.85, 2.92) | .7 |
| GDF-8 | −1.28 (−3.21, 1.9) | .48 | −0.84 (−2.91, 2.2) | .698 | −1.93 (−3.7, 1.3) | .21 | −2 (−3.77, 1.22) | .19 |
| FST | 1.6 (−0.37, 2.69) | .081 | 1.07 (−1.07, 2.29) | .327 | 1.26 (−0.91, 2.47) | .23 | 1.13 (−1.08, 2.39) | .31 |
| FSTL-3 | 4.16 (2.71, 5.41) | <.001 | 3.58 (1.91, 4.94) | .001 | 2.95 (0.73, 4.54) | .02 | 1.84 (−1.95, 4.02) | .35 |
| ppLVM | ||||||||
| GDF-11 | 3.09 (−3.18, 6.69) | 0.337 | 3.17 (−3.07, 6.72) | 0.317 | 3.19 (−3.33, 6.93) | 0.34 | 2.91 (−3.62, 6.75) | 0.41 |
| GDF-8 | −0.41 (−4.28, 4.08) | 0.946 | −1.28 (−4.69, 3.64) | 0.723 | 0.58 (−4.24, 4.57) | 0.92 | 0.76 (−4.18, 4.66) | 0.88 |
| FST | −2.64 (−4.27, −0.06) | 0.049 | −2.24 (−3.96, 0.93) | 0.127 | −2.67 (−4.43, 0.48) | 0.07 | −2.59 (−4.39, 0.66) | 0.09 |
| FSTL-3 | 3.69 (−0.79, 6.19) | 0.077 | 2.19 (−2.87, 5.2) | 0.428 | 2.21 (−3.26, 5.53) | 0.48 | 2.03 (−4.04, 5.93) | 0.6 |
| Ln NT-proBNP† | ||||||||
| GDF-11 | −0.02 (−0.23, 0.19) | 0.827 | −0.04 (−0.24, 0.16) | 0.683 | −0.14 (−0.34, 0.07) | 0.193 | −0.14 (−0.34, 0.05) | 0.153 |
| GDF-8 | −0.02 (−0.18, 0.14) | .804 | 0.02 (−0.13, 0.17) | .822 | 0.06 (−0.09, 0.21) | .446 | 0.07 (−0.08, 0.22) | .349 |
| FST | 0.13 (0.04, 0.21) | .004 | 0.09 (0.01, 0.17) | .027 | 0.09 (0.01, 0.17) | .036 | 0.09 (0.01, 0.17) | .031 |
| FSTL-3 | 0.71 (0.57, 0.85) | <.001 | 0.49 (0.35, 0.63) | <.001 | 0.52 (0.36, 0.67) | <.001 | 0.25 (0.07, 0.43) | .007 |
Notes: Model 1: unadjusted. Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, and race. Model 3: adjusted for Model 2 covariates plus body mass index, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, diabetes, current smoking, heavy alcohol use, FEV1, prevalent CHD, prevalent stroke, prevalent PAD, prevalent AF. Model 4: adjusted for Model 3 covariates plus eGFRcys. FST = follistatin; FSTL-3 = follistatin-like 3; LARS = left atrial reservoir strain; Ln = natural logarithm; LVDSR = left ventricular early-diastolic strain rate; LVLS = left ventricular longitudinal strain; NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; ppLVM = percent predicted left ventricular mass.
*Per doubling.
†To interpret β coefficients for natural-log transformed NT-proBNP, exponentiating of the coefficient gives the ratio of the geometric means of NT-proBNP associated with each doubling of the biomarker in question. For example, for the FST effect estimate in Model 4, e0.09 = 1.094, representing a 9.4% increase in NT-proBNP per doubling in FST. Similarly, for the FSTL-3 risk estimate in Model 4, e0.25 = 1.284, or a 28.4% increase in NT-proBNP, per doubling in FSTL-3.