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. 2023 Dec 20;14:8479. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-44199-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Earliness of detection for detection systems in cases across infectious diseases (hospital (teal), wastewater (orange), air travel (purple), and status quo (black)) in a 650,000-person catchment (box plots indicate median (middle line), 25th, 75th percentile (box), and points closest to 1.5× interquartile range (whiskers)). Each boxplot shows 100 simulations (points). b Earliness of detection for detection systems in weeks across infectious diseases in a 650,000-person catchment (box plots indicate median (middle line), 25th, 75th percentile (box), and points closest to 1.5× interquartile range (whiskers)). Each boxplot shows 100 simulations (points). c Epidemiological parameters of the studied diseases.