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. 2023 Dec 20;14:8484. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-44138-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a Schema illustrating the experimental design for administering DSS via oral gavage at specific time points (green dots) and days of tissue harvest (red dots) in C57BL/6J mice (top) and wild-caught NMRs (bottom). b Centre, representative colonic gut roll of 2.5% DSS-treated mouse, with 30% of distal colon showing damage which is demarcated in red. Magnified images highlighting epithelial surface erosion, crypt damage and inflammation (black arrows) in DSS-treated mice. Undamaged crypts are also shown. c Haematoxylin and eosin stained images of the proximal, mid, and distal colons comparing control and 2.5% DSS treated NMRs. d Top, gradual change over 3 days in the stool consistency of NMRs subjected to DSS treatment at different concentrations [0% (n = 4 animals), 2.5% (n = 6 animals), 5.0% (n = 2 animals) and 8.75% (n = 2 animals)]. Bottom, photographs show three different stool consistencies observed in DSS-treated NMRs (hard, black: Score 0; soft and yellowish: Score 1; very soft, misshaped and slightly watery: Score 2). e Haematoxylin and eosin staining showing no damage in the proximal and distal colons of NMRs treated with 5.0% and 8.75% DSS. f Histopathological scores showing mild to moderate damage in DSS-treated mice (n = 3 animals per group, P-value = 0.03, two-tailed Wilcoxon rank-sum test) while no damage was seen in any of the DSS-treated NMRs (2.5%, 5% and 8.75%; n = 2 animals per treatment group). Scale bars are indicated on the images (100 µm).