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. 2023 Dec 20;6:1286. doi: 10.1038/s42003-023-05578-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — a The experimental result of the feedback responses for the single-cursor perturbation condition in experiment 1 (n = 8). The feedback response was quantified by the force impulse from T-100 to T (T: the timing at the peak velocity) (right panel). The DN model can be fitted well with these feedback responses (left panel). b The DN model, fitted by the feedback responses for single perturbations, to predict the feedback responses for double perturbations (left panel). The experimentally observed feedback responses are consistent with the DN model prediction (right panel). c The DN model prediction (left panel) and experimental result of the feedback responses for triple perturbations (right panel). d The DN model, whose parameter was obtained by fitting the feedback responses for no uncertainty conditions in experiment. 2, to predict the change of the learning response to visual uncertainty (left panel), and the experimentally observed feedback responses in experiment 2 (right panel). The error bars represent the standard error across the participants.