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. 2023 Dec 7;14:1201145. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1201145

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Copyright © 2023 Li, Yeh and Huang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Emotional faces sampled from the four datasets. Chen’s dataset is in the public domain and can be obtained upon request from the owner, Prof. Chien-Chung Chen (Chen et al., 2013). Tu’s dataset has been reproduced here with permission and can be obtained upon request from the owner, Prof. Joshua O. Goh (Tu et al., 2018). These images have been blurred at the request of Prof. Goh. KDEF images are available in the public domain for use in scientific publications (Lundqvist et al., 1998, available at: https://kdef.se/). RaFD images are available to researchers upon request and reproduction in scientific publications is permitted (Langner et al., 2010, available at: https://rafd.socsci.ru.nl/RaFD2/RaFD?p=main).